Australia has some of the world’s highest cigarette prices. Smoking half-a-pack a day costs about A$7,000 to $12,000 per year at prices of around $38–66 a pack in the legal market. Buying from the illegal market costs about $3,500 per year.
Australia also has some of the world’s highest tobacco taxes, driven by a rapid rise in tobacco excise since 2010.
As cigarette prices have risen, so too has concern about the impact on low-income households. Critics argue tobacco taxes place an unfair burden on people with fewer resources, while contributing to a growing illicit market.
Some – including the Coalition and One Nation – have called for tobacco taxes to be slashed by 80% or 75% respectively, while others have argued for them to be abolished.
Making cigarettes cheaper may seem a logical fix. However, our study suggests it would risk making smoking-related poverty in Australia worse overall.
When smoking crowds out the essentials
A lesser known harm of smoking is what researchers call “smoking-induced deprivation”. This is when spending on cigarettes leaves people without enough money for food or other essentials, such as rent or electricity bills.
To examine this issue, we analysed data from 26,888 people who smoked at least monthly in Australia, England, Canada and the United States between 2016 and 2024.
In our new study, published in the journal Addiction today, we found the proportion of people who smoke who reported smoking-induced deprivation had increased in all four countries since 2016.
In 2024, almost one in five Australians who currently smoked cigarettes (18.3%) reported experiencing smoking-induced deprivation. This was higher than in England (14.3%), Canada (13.0%) and the United States (10.4%).
In Australia, cigarette prices in 2024 were 1.81 times the price they were 2016. Similarly, pack prices rose by a factor of 1.67 in England, 1.38 in Canada and 1.39 in the United States.
So our research findings suggest the cost of cigarettes – including tobacco taxes – is part of the story behind a rise in smoking-induced deprivation among people who smoke.
But there’s a bigger picture trend, which shows some better news.
Reducing overall smoking poverty
In 2016, 15.6% of Australian adults smoked. By 2025, that had almost halved, down to only 8.2% of Australian adults.
The latest figures we have for Canada, England and the US are all from 2024, whereas for Australia we have 2022-2023 and 2025 data. So, to make the countries comparable, we estimated Australia’s 2024 smoking rate as being about 9.4%.
The result? Our study found the proportion of the total Australian population experiencing smoking-induced deprivation actually decreased. It fell from 1.9% of Australians in 2016 to 1.7% in 2024, and down again to 1.5% in 2025.
Fewer people smoking overall means fewer people at risk of smoking-induced deprivation.
How smoking contributes to poverty
Beyond the cost of cigarettes, smoking contributes to poverty through its effects on health and income.
Tobacco causes chronic diseases. These increase sick days and cut workplace productivity, as well as limiting employment opportunities and increasing health-care expenses.
When a family’s primary income earner dies years earlier from smoking-related disease, the financial consequences can be severe and long-lasting.
These wider economic impacts reinforce social disadvantage and can lead to intergenerational poverty.
People who want to quit
One of the most striking findings from our study was that people experiencing smoking-induced deprivation were more likely to try quitting.
The 2025 National Drug Strategy Household Survey shows cost remains one of the top reasons Australians consider quitting smoking.
Yet there is a catch.
People experiencing smoking-induced deprivation were more likely to make quit attempts – but were less likely to succeed.
Only 9.4% of people in our study who experienced smoking-induced deprivation successfully quit by the next survey wave, compared to 12.6% of those who did not experience this hardship.
People experiencing smoking-induced deprivation tended to be more heavily addicted, and less confident they could quit.
This means one of the best ways to tackle smoking-related poverty is to do more to help those people succeed at quitting.
Why cutting tobacco taxes would be a mistake
Some argue reducing tobacco taxes would ease pressure on low-income households.
Lowering taxes could provide temporary financial relief for some consumers. But it would increase health and financial harms overall in the short and long term. It also does not address the root cause of smoking-induced deprivation.
The problem is that lower prices would reduce quitting, increase consumption and increase smoking uptake among youth, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Decades of research shows higher tobacco prices are among the most effective measures for reducing smoking.
A better use of tobacco tax revenue
Our findings point to another way forward. Rather than foregoing the estimated $3.56 billion from tobacco tax revenue in 2026-27 through tax cuts, the Australian government could earmark these funds to reducing smoking and to cover the healthcare costs of smoking.
This could include making all smoking cessation medicines free, expanding behavioural support, controlling illegal tobacco sales and providing dedicated programs for groups that are most harmed by smoking.
Such an approach would directly assist people experiencing financial hardship, while reducing smoking-related disease and pressure on health systems.
High cigarette prices encourage quitting. The challenge is ensuring people who are most addicted to smoking receive the support they need to quit.
For governments concerned about the financial burden of smoking on households, the most effective response is to invest tobacco tax revenue into helping more people quit for good.
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
