‘Sanctions hole’: how secretive routes supply Russia with western tech and consumer goods

Russian president Vladimir Putin talks to the media after a live broadcast. Experts are warning that Russia’s imports of western good are being sustained by willing third countries, despite sanctions. Photograph: Ilya Naymushin/REUTERS

Since Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, the west has imposed thousands of sanctions on Russia, and handed it the dubious distinction of being the most heavily sanctioned country on Earth.

Targeting everything from the finances of individuals to the major industries of its economy, international sanctions have aimed to isolate Russian consumers, with major brands such as Apple and McDonald’s ceasing their operations in the country.