It may not look like much -- just a flaking image of three people around a big red pig.
But the humble cave painting discovered in Indonesia is the oldest known narrative artwork ever made by human hands, dating back more than 51,000 years, new research said on Wednesday.
"This is the oldest evidence of storytelling," Maxime Aubert, an archaeologist at Australia's Griffith University, told AFP.
Aubert was part of the team that identified the previous record holder in 2019, a hunting scene found in a nearby Indonesian cave then estimated to be nearly 44,000 years old.
The latest discovery, which was dated using a new laser technique, marks "the first time we've passed the 50,000-year barrier," said Aubert, a co-author of a new study in Nature describing the find.
That early humans were able to tell such a "sophisticated" story through art could rewrite our understanding of human cognitive evolution, he added.
"Our discovery suggests that storytelling was a much older part of human history... than previously thought," study co-author archaeologist Adam Brumm told a press conference.
For the discovery, the researchers used a new method that uses lasers and computer software to create a "map" of rock samples.
This laser ablation technique is more precise, easier, quicker, cheaper, and requires much smaller rock samples than the previous uranium series method, Aubert said.
The team first tested the new technique on the previous record holder.
It determined that the hunting scene was actually at least 48,000 years old -- 4,000 years older than the uranium series method determined in 2019.
The team then tried the laser method out on a previously undated painting first spotted in a cave on Indonesia's Sulawesi island in 2017.
It was found to to be least 51,200 years old, smashing the previous record.
The painting, which is in poor condition, shows three people around a wild pig.
"We don't know exactly what they're doing," Aubert admitted.
He speculated that the paintings were likely made by the first group of humans who moved through Southeast Asia before arriving in Australia around 65,000 years ago.
"It's probably just a matter of time before we find samples that are older," Aubert added.
Humans first evolved in Africa more than 300,000 years ago.
The first images known to have been made by humans are simple lines and patterns made in ochre found in South Africa dating back 100,000 years.
But then there is a "huge gap" in human art until the Indonesian cave paintings 50,000 years later, Aubert said.
"The question is, why is it not everywhere?"
One theory is that artwork elsewhere did not survive all those millennia. Another is that ancient art could still be out there waiting to be discovered.
Previously the first narrative art was thought to have emerged in Europe. A "lion man" statue found in Germany has been dated to around 40,000 years ago.
The date given for the Indonesian cave art is "quite provocative" because it is so much older than what has been found elsewhere, including in Europe, said Chris Stringer, an anthropologist at London's Natural History Museum.
Stringer, who was not involved in the research, said the experienced team's findings looked sound but needed to be confirmed by further dating.
"In my view this find reinforces the idea that representational art was first produced in Africa, before 50,000 years ago, and the concept spread as our species spread," he told AFP.
"If that is true, much new supporting evidence from other areas including Africa has yet to emerge..."
