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The Conversation
The Conversation
Andrew Latham, Professor of Political Science, Macalester College

Welcome to the ‘gray zone’ − home to nefarious international acts that fall short of outright conflict

Nefarious acts in all shades ... as long as they are gray. Jackyenjoyphotography/Getty Images

Hostile acts don’t always arrive with a clear signature.

Nefarious actors shape elections without leaving irrefutable evidence of ballot manipulation. Rogue states interfere with infrastructure through actions that resist clean attribution. State-backed hackers can warp information environments while avoiding immediate blame.

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