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Basil Germond, Professor of International Security, School of Global Affairs, Lancaster University

The boarding of the Marinera and the rise of the shadow fleet in hybrid warfare

United States Russia United Nations Ukraine Venezuela Iran Moscow the North Atlantic UNCLOS
The Marinera, previously Bella 1, was sailing under a Russian flag. X

The dramatic seizure of the Russian-flagged tanker Marinera/Bella 1 in the north Atlantic, carried out by the US coastguard with British support, underscores the collision between maritime law and power politics.

Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Unclos), ships on the high seas enjoy freedom of navigation and fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of their flag state. (However, boarding a vessel without consent is lawful in exceptional cases such as piracy, statelessness, hot pursuit or under a UN mandate.)

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