A Spanish road project used Waste Paper Fly Ash (WPFA), a residue derived from paper rejects and sludge, as a substitute for cement in a stabilized road subgrade. Built in Villamayor de Gállego in Zaragoza, the pilot covered a 1,000-metre-long and 5.7-metre-wide section of a peri-urban road. As testing showed , the WPFA-stabilized layer achieved an average static modulus above 334 MPa, the highest class specified for the section, and exceeded the 300 MPa threshold for the E3 subgrade category.
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