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Peter McGowran, Lecturer in Human Geography, Queen's University Belfast

Rebuilding in Nepal-Tibet will be challenging – communities in India are still recovering from 2023 glacial disaster

The city of Gangtok, India in June 2026. The devastating 2023 Sikkim glacial lake outburst flood triggered massive landslides, destroying infrastructure across the Teesta Valley. Soumitra Giri/Shutterstock

Debris flowing down a Himalayan valley. Towns and villages washed away. Thousands of people affected. Not the recent devastating catastrophe on the Nepal-Tibet border, but a similar disaster in the Indian eastern Himalayas in 2023.

That climate change-related disaster was triggered by a glacial lake outburst flood, or glof. It happened under the cover of darkness on the night of October 3. The resulting 270 million cm³ debris flood devastated the people and infrastructure of the Teesta river valley.

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