Close US ally Japan said it scrambled fighter jets on Monday after a Chinese military aircraft "violated" its airspace in a further escalation of regional tensions.
The two-minute incursion into Japanese airspace by the Y-9 surveillance aircraft at 11:29 am (0229 GMT) was the first by a Chinese military plane, local media reported.
The aircraft "violated the territorial airspace off the Danjo Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture", prompting Japan to deploy "fighter jets on an emergency basis", Japan's defence ministry said.
It said steps such as "issuing warnings" to the aircraft were taken. Broadcaster NHK reported that no weapons, such as flare guns, were used as an alert.
The defence ministry released a photograph of what it said was the plane.
Deputy foreign minister Masataka Okano summoned China's acting ambassador late on Monday and "lodged firm protest", as well as calling for measures against a recurrence, the foreign ministry said in a statement.
The Chinese diplomat said in response that the matter would be reported to Beijing, according to the ministry. There was no immediate official comment from Beijing.
China's growing economic and military clout in the Asia-Pacific region and its assertiveness in territorial disputes -- in particular Taiwan -- has alarmed the United States and its allies.
Japan, staunchly pacifist for decades, has ramped up defence spending with US encouragement, moving to acquire "counter-strike" capabilities and easing rules on arms exports.
Tokyo is also providing funding and equipment such as patrol vessels to countries across the region and agreed in July on a deal with the Philippines allowing troop deployments on each other's soil.
Japan and South Korea have also moved to bury the historical hatchet. Tokyo is also part of the Quad alliance with the United States, Australia and India, a grouping seen as a bulwark against Beijing.
Yee Kuang Heng, a professor at the University of Tokyo, said the Y-9 in Monday's incident "was likely probing Japan's air defence network, collecting electronic intel such as Japan's radar signals and coverage".
Japanese and Chinese vessels have been involved in tense incidents in disputed areas, in particular the Senkaku islands in the East China Sea known by Beijing as the Diaoyus.
The remote chain has fuelled diplomatic tensions and been the scene of confrontations between Japanese coastguard vessels and Chinese fishing boats.
Tokyo has reported the presence of Chinese coastguard vessels, a naval ship and even a nuclear-powered submarine, in the area.
Two non-military aircraft from China -- a propeller-powered plane and a small drone -- were forayed into airspace near the Senkaku islands in 2012 and 2017, according to NHK.
The Danjo Islands, the site of the latest incident, are a group of small islets also located in the East China Sea off Japan's southern Nagasaki region.
Beijing claims the South China Sea -- through which trillions of dollars of trade passes annually -- almost in its entirety despite an international court ruling that its assertion has no legal basis.
China said it took "control measures" on Monday against two Philippine Coast Guard ships that had entered waters near the disputed Sabina Shoal in the South China Sea.
Multiple confrontations have taken place in recent days around the shoal, located 140 kilometres (90 miles) west of the Philippine island of Palawan and about 1,200 kilometres from Hainan island, China's nearest major landmass.
Both sides have in recent months stationed coast guard vessels near Sabina, where the Philippines fears China is about to build an artificial island.
US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan is due to visit Beijing for three days from Tuesday and will meet China's foreign minister Wang Yi in a bid to manage bilateral tensions ahead of US elections in November.
