Temple of Confucius : In 478 B.C., a temple was built in Qufu, China, to commemorate Confucius. More than two thousand years of reconstruction and expansion later, the Temple of Confucius, the Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion form a historic complex that UNESCO recognizes for its outstanding artistic and historic character.
Located in Qufu City in Shandong Province, the site is closely associated with Confucius and his descendants. UNESCO says the complex retained its character through the devotion of successive Chinese emperors over more than 2,000 years.
Temple of Confucius Was Built in 478 B.C.
The Temple of Confucius was built in 478 B.C. to commemorate and offer sacrifices to Confucius. UNESCO describes him as a renowned philosopher, politician and educator in ancient China. His system of belief involving philosophy, politics and ethics later became known as Confucianism.
The temple was destroyed and reconstructed over the centuries. Today, UNESCO says it covers 14 hectares and has 104 buildings dating from the Jin to Qing dynasties. These include the Dacheng Hall, Kuiwen Pavilion and Xing Altar.
The temple also contains more than 1,250 ancient trees and more than 1,000 stelae made at different times. UNESCO also identifies Han stone reliefs, carved pictures depicting the life of Confucius and stone dragon carvings from the Ming and Qing dynasties among the site's features.
Cemetery of Confucius Contains More Than 100,000 Graves
About 1,100 meters north of Qufu City lies the Cemetery of Confucius, covering 183 hectares. It contains the tomb of Confucius and more than 100,000 graves of his descendants.
UNESCO describes the cemetery as important material evidence for the development of the Kong Clan. The cemetery, temple and family mansion together form the historic group of monuments recognized as the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu.
Kong Family Mansion Developed Into An Aristocratic Residence
To the east of the temple stands the Kong Family Mansion. UNESCO says it developed from a small family house linked to the temple into an aristocratic mansion where the male direct descendants of Confucius lived and worked.
Following a fire and the rebuilding of the temple with an enclosure wall modeled on an imperial palace in the 14th century, the mansion was rebuilt a short distance from the temple. It was later expanded, destroyed again by fire and rebuilt in the late 19th century.
UNESCO's detailed description says the mansion covers seven hectares and has some 170 buildings. Its collections include more than 100,000 objects, including ceremonial utensils from the Shang and Zhou dynasties, portraits of Confucius from different periods, and clothes and caps from the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Confucian Ideas Shaped The Design Of The Complex
UNESCO says the buildings were designed and constructed according to Confucian ideas concerning the hierarchy and arrangement of their different components. During the Ming period, outstanding artists and craftsmen contributed to the decoration of the temple.
During the Qing period, imperial craftsmen were assigned to construct the Dacheng Hall and Gate and the Qin Hall. UNESCO describes these buildings as representing the pinnacle of Qing art and architecture.
The organization says the support of Chinese emperors over more than two millennia ensured that leading artists and craftsmen were involved in the creation and reconstruction of the buildings and landscape dedicated to Confucius.
Qufu’s Confucius Complex Became A UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. UNESCO recognizes the group as an outstanding architectural complex demonstrating the evolution of Chinese material culture over a considerable period of time.
UNESCO also recognizes the contribution of Confucius to philosophical and political doctrine in Eastern countries over two thousand years, as well as in Europe and the West during the 18th and 19th centuries.
