As the country reels from one of its worst mass killings, those on the frontline of family violence, drug addiction and mental illness in a country awash with guns say support systems are in crisis and need a shake-up to prevent further tragedies.
As the country reels from one of its worst mass killings, those on the frontline of family violence, drug addiction and mental illness in a country awash with guns say support systems are in crisis and need a shake-up to prevent further tragedies.
Former police officer Pol Sgt Panya Khamrab stormed a nursery in northeastern Nong Bua Lam Phu province on Thursday killing 36 people, mostly children, before murdering his wife and young son and taking his own life.
Police say the gunman was sacked from the force over drug use -- and had an addiction to yaba, a methamphetamine in pill form.
Health experts say meth use can lead to paranoia, hallucinations and violent behaviour and those withdrawing can experience psychosis.
Drug problem
Thailand is a major transit country for meth flooding in from Myanmar's troubled Shan state via Laos, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. On the street, pills sell for as little as 20 baht.
Rehabilitation psychologist Shaowpicha Techo says there is an urban-rural divide in drug treatment services and harm reduction programmes.
While it can be easy for drug users to find help for addiction in Bangkok and other cities, access is much more difficult in rural areas.
The kingdom also has a shortage of mental health professionals, Mr Shaowpicha said, while a stigma around mental illness and drug use discourages some from seeking support.
"In Thailand, most people don't talk about psychology or mental health... if someone has a problem... (they are labelled) a crazy person," he said, adding that some turn to drugs instead of seeking treatment.
Guns galore
Thai culture prizes avoiding confrontation and overt displays of anger, said Bangkok-based security expert Anthony Davis.
"As a consequence personal grievances and perceived loss of face are often suppressed to a point when they explode in lethal violence, typically in the context of angry males," he told AFP.
"This syndrome is exacerbated within the security services given a necessarily more disciplined and hierarchical environment than in society at large where sometimes rank and privilege can be abused."
This environment together with easy access to firearms makes for a dangerous mix, Mr Davis said.
Less than a month ago an army officer shot dead two colleagues at the Army War College at the Army Training Command in Bangkok.
And in 2020, a soldier gunned down 27 people in Nakhon Ratchasima in a 17-hour rampage linked to a debt dispute with a senior officer.
Even away from security forces, Thailand has a huge number of guns in circulation -- an estimated 10 million in 2017 according to Sydney University's Gun Policy database, or one for every seven people.
"Contradicting this stereotype of Thailand being the land of smiles and people being kind... Thailand is a very violent country," violence expert Janjira Sombatpoonsiri of Chulalongkorn University told AFP.
Domestic violence
The day of the massacre began with the gunman arguing with his wife at 4am according to National police chief Pol Gen Damrongsak Kittiprapat, and ended when he shot her and their son before taking his own life.
According to the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board, there were 2,177 domestic violence cases last financial year in a country with a population of 70 million.
But this is thought to be an underestimate as cases in Thailand are widely under-reported.
Campaigner and lawyer Busayapa Srisompong who founded SHero, an organisation providing pro bono legal aid to victims, said the tragedy was a wake-up call.
"Patriarchal culture and toxic masculinity is so ingrained in certain institutions and... normalises and allows certain kinds of violent behaviour," she told AFP.
All provinces are supposed to have a one-stop domestic violence crisis centre at government-run hospitals but not all of them are operational, Ms Busayapa said
There are also domestic violence protection divisions under the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security but many are understaffed, under-resourced and personnel are poorly trained, Ms Busayapa added.
Priority is often given to preserving a family unit at the expense of protecting vulnerable women and children, she said.
"There's a culture within the police institution... when they see domestic violence or intimate partner violence cases they tend to think 'oh they are going to get back together... (we will) mediate'," Ms Busayapa told AFP.
She said many of the women she helped have tried to report their cases multiple times and called a special hotline but struggled to get assistance.
"If the community had access to mental health services that were trauma-informed and not victim blaming it could prevent a lot of (tragedies)," she said.
