You may not even consider it, but most of us make use of at least one digital-to-analogue converter (more handily known as a DAC) every single day.
Built into the likes of computers, tablets and smartphones, a DAC is fundamental to unlock digital music. It converts the countless reams of a digital song's data into analogue signals that are intelligible to the likes of speakers and headphones – and the human ear. You see, they all need an analogue waveform to receive audio, and without a DAC to do that all-important conversion, your digital music collection is nothing but a sizeable collection of “0s and 1s” (more on that shortly) that makes sense only within the digital domain. In short, DACs play a large part in making digital music worthwhile!
Therefore, any device that acts as a source of digital sound, be it a CD player or Blu-ray player, digital TV box or games console, laptop or computer, phone or portable music player, needs a DAC – either one that is built-in or an external one connected – to convert its digital audio to analogue before it can be output.
The biggest problem in such everyday, multi-tasking digital products is that their DAC circuits are typically not efficient enough to accurately process the conversion and thus do justice to the original recording. And that's why upgrading to a separate, external DAC can be the simplest way to get the most out of digital music, whatever your setup.
So, how does a DAC work exactly? And should you invest in one?
- These are the best DACs you can buy for your phone, laptop or system
What is a DAC? What does it do?
The sounds we hear on a day-to-day basis – traffic, instruments, that baby screaming on your otherwise peaceful commute – are transmitted in soundwaves, which travel through the air to our ears in a continuously varying analogue signal.
Analogue audio recordings were stored on the likes of shellac (and later, vinyl) discs, and then on magnetic cassette tapes, but the fragility and unwanted noise of these formats made way for something new. The CD was born, kickstarting the digital audio revolution in the process.
Digital audio takes a very different approach to that of analogue. Digital music files are usually found in the form of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and are created by measuring the amplitude of the analogue music signal at regular intervals.
The value of the amplitude is represented as a binary number (comprised of 1s and 0s) and the length of this number is often referred to as bit depth. The timing of the measurement intervals is called the sampling rate.
When recording a standard CD, say, a sample is taken 44,100 times per second. Each of these samples is measured to an accuracy of 16 bits, storing the results in a 16-digit binary format. So, "CD quality" audio refers to 16-bit/44.1kHz recordings.
Record high-resolution audio, on the other hand, and you’ll take a step up to 24 bits, with a sample taken as often as 192,000 times per second, making for 24-bit/192kHz recordings.
Digital audio data can be stored in a variety of sample rates, bit depths, encoding and compression formats – but no matter how it’s done, it is the DAC’s job to make sense of it all, translating it as accurately as possible from its binary format to return it as close to the original analogue recording as it can.
Why do I need a separate DAC?
While it’s true that just about every piece of digital kit features a DAC, it’s just as true that not all DACs are created equal. For starters, they might not support all file formats and data rates. And, as we've alluded to above, they could simply not be all that great at their conversion job.
Poor converters can introduce unwanted noise during playback due to poorly designed circuitry, not to mention add extra distortion due to jitter. (Jitter is best defined as digital timing errors. The precise timing of a digital music stream is vital to high performance, and if that isn’t done properly – usually because of poorly designed digital clock circuitry – performance suffers.)
Jitter problems can arise every time a digital signal travels around a circuit board – and it’s particularly troublesome when the signal is transferred between devices. In recent years we’ve seen the rise of the asynchronous DAC, which takes over timing duties from any computer it may be connected to for exactly this reason.
The digital clocks found in dedicated hi-fi DACs tend to be more accurate than those used in the average PC, so generally the conversion process will be performed much more faithfully – and definitely so in the case of the very best DACs.
WAV, FLAC, DSD: source material is everything
Of course, to get the most from a DAC you need to start out with good source material – don’t expect miracles if all you’re throwing at a converter is 128kbps MP3s or Spotify streams. In fact, better decoding of such a compressed signal can make any sonic shortcomings more obvious.
You’ll hear optimum results with CD-quality content or, better yet, hi-res audio, which is often stored in FLAC, WAV or ALAC (Mac) lossless PCM formats, or alternatively DSD if you prefer. All the audio file formats are explained here, but very briefly...
DSD, or Direct Stream Digital, is an alternative to PCM and was originally conceived for Super Audio CD (SACDs) – a format championed by Sony and Philips in the late 1990s and into the noughties.
It’s a much more niche format, differing from PCM by offering a bit depth of just one, but much higher sampling rates – commonly DSD64 at 2.8MHz and DSD128 at 5.6MHz.
The arguments as to which encoding system is better continue to rumble on. Suffice it to say, if you’re someone firmly settled in the DSD camp, it’s worth checking whether the DAC you’re considering supports it; most, but not all, do.
What type of DAC is right for you?
DACs come in all shapes and sizes and offer varying levels of input options and functionality, so you’ll need to think about how you want to use one, not to mention the budget you have set aside.
Compact USB or USB-C DACs offer portability and convenience at a reasonable price. They vary from USB sticks, such as the five-star Audioquest DragonFly Red and level-up Cobalt, that plug straight into a laptop (or to a phone, via a converter dongle if necessary), to wireless DACs like the five-star iFi GO Blu that can connect to a source (though not your headphones) via Bluetooth, taking one wire out of the equation.
Some draw the power from your computer or phone, so there’s no need for an extra power source, and they largely keep connections simple, with just a headphone socket and possibly a line-level output for hooking up to powered speakers or a hi-fi system.
If you are considering upgrading your personal listening setup, note that the performance of good wired headphones with a DAC will invariably surpass that of wireless headphones.
If you need more connectivity and aren't concerned about taking your DAC around with you, a desktop DAC like the Award-winning Chord Mojo 2 (which is actually portable) or five-star Cambridge Audio DacMagic 200M (which isn't) might be more suitable. These are usually bigger and require their own power source but often offer several additional digital or analogue audio inputs alongside a USB input for connecting to your computer. Some, like the also-Award-winning iFi Zen DAC V2, can be either USB or mains powered.
Keep an eye out for a DAC with a headphone amp if you want to use headphones, as most but not all DACs offer this as an option – our Award-winning Chord Qutest DAC, for instance, doesn't have headphone features and is instead designed to slip into a speaker-fronted system, between a digital source and amplifier, to enhance performance.
Finally, some DACs are born to work as part of a bigger home audio system. These will usually have even more inputs – particularly more niche sockets such as AES/EBU – and potentially more features, including perhaps a volume control so they can also be used as a pre-amp. They'll support the full range of high-resolution music formats or have Bluetooth connectivity for streaming wirelessly from your smartphone or tablet, though both of these offerings are also increasingly offered by portable and desktop units nowadays. These home DACs tend to be at the higher end of the market so should deliver higher performance, too.
These can range from the sensible (the Audiolab M-DAC+, say) to the extravagant (the Chord DAVE) or, if money really is no object, the Nagra HD DAC/MPS. Ready to make your purchase to improve your portable phone, desktop computer or home hi-fi system? Check out our expert pick of the best DACs in our handy buying guide.
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