Venezuela transferred an estimated $64 billion in oil wealth to Cuba over two decades, helping build a Cuban-led intelligence and security apparatus tied to political repression and social control, according to a report cited by the Washington-based Miranda Center for Democracy.
The study concludes that Caracas used subsidized oil shipments, debt relief and joint investments to finance a system that reshaped Venezuela's military and intelligence institutions. In return, Cuban advisers helped design and embed a model focused on internal surveillance and regime protection, transforming agencies once tasked with public security into tools of political control.
