The Vatican’s chief prosecutor has appealed a court verdict that largely dismantled his theory of a grand conspiracy to defraud the Holy See of millions of euros but found a cardinal guilty of embezzlement.
Prosecutor Alessandro Diddi filed his appeal earlier this week, days after the three-judge tribunal issued its verdict in a complicated financial trial that aired the Vatican's dirty laundry and tested the peculiar legal system in an absolute monarchy in the center of Europe.
While the headline from Saturday’s verdict focused on Cardinal Angelo Becciu’s 5 ½-year sentence for embezzlement, the meat of the ruling made clear that the judges rejected most of Diddi’s 487-page indictment. Diddi had accused Becciu and nine other people of dozens of counts of fraud, embezzlement, money laundering, extortion, corruption, abuse of office and witness tampering in connection with the Vatican’s bungled investment in a London property.
He had sought prison terms of up to 13 years apiece and 400 million euros in restitution. In the end, the tribunal headed by Judge Giuseppe Pignatone acquitted one of the defendants entirely and convicted the others of only a few of the charges they faced, while still ordering them to pay some 366 million euros in restitution.
In the Vatican, as in Italy, prosecutors can appeal verdicts at the same time as defendants. Unlike Italy, both sides must file appeals even before the trial judge issues his written motivations explaining the verdicts, though they can amend them, lawyers said.
In this case, Diddi filed a three-page motion on Dec. 19 asking the Vatican appeals court to convict each defendant for the full set of charges that he originally laid out, even though the tribunal ruled that many of the alleged crimes simply didn’t occur.
The main focus of the trial involved the Holy See’s 350 million euro investment in converting a former Harrod’s warehouse into luxury apartments. Diddi alleged brokers and Vatican monsignors fleeced the Holy See of tens of millions of euros in fees and commissions, and then extorted the Holy See for 15 million euros ($16.5 million) to cede control of the property.
Becciu, the first cardinal prosecuted by the Vatican criminal tribunal, was convicted of embezzlement involving the original London investment and two tangent cases. The broker who received the 15 million euro payout to cede control of the building, Gianluigi Torzi, was convicted of extortion and other charges.
The Vatican’s longtime money manager, Enrico Crasso, was convicted of three charges of the original 21 he faced. But he too plans to appeal, said his lawyer Luigi Panella.
“Contrary to the propaganda spread, the prosecutor’s appellate motion reveals that the tribunal to a large extent didn’t uphold the accusatory formula,” Panella said in an email.
Yet even for the three charges Crasso was convicted of, the tribunal sentenced him to more than what Diddi had originally sought, “and this somewhat masked the numerous acquittals,” Panella said.
The verdict also did some legal gymnastics to make sense of the Vatican’s outdated criminal code, based on Italy’s 1889 code and the church's canon law, requalifying or combining charges to fit into other ones.
In his appeal, Diddi objected to the tribunal’s refusal to let him use a jailhouse interrogation of London broker Torzi, because Torzi never presented himself subsequently to be questioned during the trial. Torzi refused to return to the Vatican after he was jailed for 10 days without charge on a judge's arrest warrant in 2020 during the investigation and was only released after he wrote a memo to prosecutors.
Diddi was able to detain him because of the sweeping powers granted to the prosecution in the Vatican’s legal system, as well as extra powers granted to him by four secret decrees Pope Francis signed during the investigation that allowed prosecutors to wiretap and detain suspects without a judge’s warrant.
Defense lawyers have cited those decrees as well as the prosecutors’ ability to withhold evidence from discovery as proof that their clients couldn’t receive a fair trial in Europe's only absolute monarchy where Francis wields supreme legislative, executive and judicial power, and used them in the investigation.
In a post-verdict essay, defense attorney Cataldo Intrieri denounced the “contradictions” of the Vatican legal system and the powers given to prosecutors, which he said resulted in an investigation and trial that were “well distant from those adopted in a state of law.”
“The point is that a fair trial isn’t just the courtroom debate about evidence, which is certainly a fundamental element, but also an ‘equality of arms’ in the law to have access to evidence,” he wrote in the Linkiesta online daily. “The true problem, and we understood this immediately, is the anomalous concentration of power that the pope, the spiritual head of the Holy See and absolute sovereign of the Vatican state, gave to the office of the prosecutors.”
Intriere defended Fabrizio Tirabassi, a former official in the Vatican secretariat of state who received the stiffest verdict, 7 ½ years in prison for convictions of embezzlement, extortion and money laundering. He denied wrongdoing; other defense lawyers as well announced they would appeal.
