Primary commodity prices have been on a roller-coaster ride for the past year, especially for the past six months. In the futures markets, crude oil prices rose by 39% in the month from Feb 8 to March 8, from US$89 (3,143 baht) per barrel to $124 per barrel, and then fell in the following month to $95.
The price climbed again, to $122 per barrel, on June 8, but had declined to $88 per barrel on Aug 4 -- below the level of early February.
Global prices of wheat futures have exhibited similar volatility. The price of soft red winter wheat soared from $332 per metric tonne in January to $672 per tonne in April, but by June had fallen to $380 -- still about 50% higher than a year ago, but well below this spring's crazy peaks.
These dramatic price movements were not triggered by changes in real output and demand. Blaming big commodity-price spikes on supply shortages caused by Russia's war in Ukraine does not capture the full truth. In particular, the large increases in Big Oil and agribusiness firms' profit margins indicate that they raised prices of energy and food, respectively, well beyond any level that could be justified by their own cost increases. But frantic speculative activity, mainly by financial companies like hedge funds that dominate trading, has made matters much worse, as I have noted elsewhere.
For example, a study by Kabir Agarwal, Thin Lei Win and Margot Gibbs found that investment funds have been hyperactive in the Paris wheat market. These funds' share of long positions in wheat futures increased from 23% in May 2018 to as much as 72% in April 2022, and remained above 50% in May 2022. Another recent study found that trading volumes at the European Union natural gas market's primary gas-pricing hub, the Title Transfer Facility, increased steadily over the past decade from 14 times actual consumption in 2011 to more than 114 times in 2020.
The chaos that such speculation can cause was evident in March this year, when a dramatic spike in nickel prices forced the London Metal Exchange to suspend trading and cancel all deals. Over-the-counter (OTC) trades that occur outside the regulated exchange were held partly responsible, and the LME will now require all traders to report their OTC positions on all physically delivered metals each week.
This matters hugely because food, fuel, and basic metals are essential for production and for life itself. Commodity-price volatility affects living standards and the ability to produce goods and services, and is contributing to the stagflation and hunger now stalking most low- and middle-income countries.
So, why are these swings allowed to occur? Policymakers obviously are aware of the implications of frenetic financial activity in markets for essential commodities. Something similar happened in 2007-2009, when oil and food prices first rose sharply and then declined to earlier levels in the space of 18 months, causing economic devastation. After that experience and in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, both the United States (through the Dodd-Frank Act) and the EU sought to regulate commodity derivatives to some extent.
Ideally, the regulations should have prevented speculation by ensuring that all trading occurs on regulated exchanges, not on an OTC basis, and in a transparent manner. Furthermore, exchanges should allow only those with a direct operational interest in commodities to trade them. And market participants should adhere to limits on the positions that they can hold, depending on their real use, need or production of that commodity.
US and EU regulations matter most because these markets largely determine global commodity prices. But the earlier regulatory changes did not go far enough and have since been watered down.
Existing EU rules help to prevent market abuse on official exchanges by limiting individual traders' positions, but they still allow OTC commodity trading, enabling excessive speculation to continue. The US prohibits OTC trading in most commodities, but agents can still enter the market through proxies.
As a result, speculation in essential commodities can still play havoc with people's lives and livelihoods. Fortunately, there are signs that regulators are taking notice. At a recent G20 meeting in Indonesia, Klaas Knot, the chair of the Financial Stability Board called for close monitoring of speculative activity.
But mere monitoring will not be enough. The regulatory measures needed to restrict commodity-market speculation are obvious, so the lack of prompt action is striking. It suggests that regulators and policymakers are still putting financial interests above everything else, regardless of the cost to everyone else. ©2022 Project Syndicate
Jayati Ghosh, Professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, is a member of the UN Secretary-General's High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism.
