Ukrainian forces fought off Russian troops in the capital Kyiv on Friday on the second day of a conflict that has claimed dozens of lives, as Russian President Vladimir Putin called on the Ukrainian army to remove the country's leadership.
Small arms fire and explosions were heard in the city's northern district of Obolonsky as what appeared to be an advance party of Russia's invasion force left a trail of destruction.
Putin defied Western warnings to unleash a full-scale invasion on Thursday that has displaced at least 100,000 people and prompted the European Union to adopt personal sanctions against him.
In a televised address, Putin described the Ukrainian government as "terrorists" and "a gang of drug addicts and neo-Nazis".
"Take power in your own hands," he urged the Ukrainian military.
Putin's remarks came after Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, who is Jewish, evoked Nazi Germany's 1941 invasion and praised his people for "demonstrating heroism" as Russian forces advanced towards the capital.
Zelensky called on Europeans with "combat experience" to take arms and defend Ukraine, saying the West was too slow to help his country.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Moscow was ready to talk but only if Ukraine's armed forces "lay down their arms", adding that "nobody intends to occupy Ukraine".
Russia has demanded that Ukraine to drop its ambition to join NATO and has called for the Western military alliance to scale back its presence in Eastern Europe.
Body on the pavement
The second day of the conflict began with pre-dawn blasts in Kyiv.
In the Obolonsky district, AFP saw a dead man in civilian clothes lying sprawled on the pavement and, nearby, medics rushed to help another man whose car was crushed under the tracks of an armored vehicle.
In contrast, the city center felt like a ghost town.
Intersections around the government district were manned by green armored vehicles and machine-gun toting soldiers in balaclavas.
Sirens wailed over the cloudy city at jarring intervals throughout the day. Booms of unexplained origin echoed across the deserted streets.
Russian forces first arrived on the outskirts of Kyiv on Thursday when helicopter-borne troops assaulted an airfield just outside the city, close to Obolonsky.
The Ukrainian defense ministry told civilians to resist.
"We urge citizens to inform us of troop movements, to make Molotov cocktails, and neutralize the enemy," it said.
Ukraine said 137 people, including soldiers and civilians, have been killed since Russia began its air and ground assault on Thursday.
Sheltering in subway
In the Ukrainian village of Starognativka near the frontline where separatists have faced off against Kyiv's forces for years, official Volodymyr Veselkin said the settlement had come under attack with missiles.
"They are trying to wipe the village off the face of the earth," he said.
The UN's refugee agency has said that at least 100,000 people already been displaced inside Ukraine, while thousands of others fled across the border.
Streams of people in cars and on foot were seen crossing into Hungary, Poland and Romania while hundreds camped out in a train station in the Polish border city of Przemysl.
In Kyiv, many residents fled their homes and took shelter in the city's subway system.
'Left alone'
Zelensky said on Thursday there was now a "new iron curtain" between Russia and the rest of the world, adding later that his nation had been "left alone".
"Who is ready to fight alongside us? I don't see anyone."
While the United States moved to impose sanctions on Russian elites and banks, it stressed that American forces would not fight in Ukraine.
NATO also said it would not send forces to Ukraine.
Among the highest-profile strategic developments on Thursday, Ukraine said Russian forces had seized the Chernobyl nuclear power plant -- prompting concern from international nuclear watchdogs.
Ukrainian officials said Friday that radiation levels had increased in the Chernobyl exclusion zone and warned the capture of the plant by Russian soldiers could have "terrible consequences".
Russia said Thursday it had destroyed more than 70 Ukrainian military targets, including 11 airfields.
Western intelligence confirmed Moscow had established "complete air superiority" over Ukraine.
Sanctions
Weeks of diplomacy failed to deter Putin, who massed over 150,000 troops on Ukraine's borders.
Western allies had initially imposed some sanctions on Russia in an effort to stop Putin from invading, then followed through on Thursday with vows to heavily punish Russia economically.
US President Joe Biden announced export controls against Russia, alongside sanctions on Russian elites he called "corrupt billionaires", and banks.
He joined fellow NATO leaders in an extraordinary virtual summit on Friday to discuss the security situation in and around Ukraine.
The EU also moved to impose "massive" sanctions on Russia's energy and finance sectors on Thursday.
EU officials on Friday said the bloc had agreed go even further by freezing European assets linked to Putin and Lavrov personally.
The Council of Europe meanwhile it was suspending all Russian representatives from participating in the pan-European rights body.
