The National Football League is an exclusive club, and for those looking to buy their way in, the price of a franchise has gotten so high it’s beyond the reach of ordinary billionaires. But now the league is set to change its rules and allow private equity firms, which make their living buying and flipping businesses, to invest in teams. Could this change how the league—and many people’s favorite teams—do business?
The short answer is we shouldn’t expect an onslaught of buyout shops bidding for NFL teams just yet. But there will be interest. The NFL’s guaranteed TV deals could be worth more than $126 billion by 2033, according to Forbes.
In recent years, valuations of NFL teams have soared, prompting considerable interest in the league’s 32 franchises. Last year, for instance, Dan Snyder sold the Washington Commanders for a record $6.05 billion to a group of investors led by Josh Harris. Snyder paid $800 million for the team—then called the Redskins—in 1999. The purchase of the Commanders stands as the most expensive sale of an American sports franchise, even eclipsing the $4.65 billion paid for the Denver Broncos in 2022.
If billionaires can no longer afford sports franchises, who can? Well, that’s why league officials are taking a hard look at private equity firms, which are sitting on a $1.2 trillion war chest and always on the hunt for deals. A handful of PE firms have amassed stakes in NBA, MLS, MLB, and NHL franchises; the small number is mainly the result of high barriers to entry. (For example, most leagues require potential funds to have at least $750 million in capital, one source familiar with the franchise industry told Fortune.)
The NFL is the last major professional sports league in North America that prohibits private equity firms from investing in teams, a rule that reflects the owners’ historical desire to keep the NFL an insiders’ club. But since the summer of 2023, a special committee has been reviewing potential changes to those rules, according to ESPN. The NFL has appointed PJT Partners to serve as a liaison between the league and interested PE firms, Sportico reported in May, and is considering a plan to allow PE firms to own up to 30% of a single franchise, with no single firm owning a stake larger than 10%. Current NFL owners were expected to vote on that measure last month, but the vote was delayed to later this year.
‘Pretty hard for anyone’
Some franchises are lining up potential deals while others are waiting until the new rules are in place before engaging with private equity, Bloomberg reported. “The NFL recognizes that it’s become prohibitively expensive to buy teams,” said Josh Harlan, founder and managing partner of PE firm Harlan Capital Partners and a former Allen & Co. director. Allowing PE firms to invest in the NFL will bring in liquidity and help current owners sell, Harlan added.
To buy the Commanders for more than $6 billion, Harris, a cofounder of Apollo Global Management, had to assemble a 20-person consortium that includes Blackstone executive David Blitzer, ex–Google CEO Eric Schmidt, and basketball legend Magic Johnson. Harris hasn’t been shy about how difficult it was to raise the capital. “Unless you’re one of the wealthiest 50 people [in the world], writing a $5 billion equity check is pretty hard for anyone,” he recently told CNBC.
Even those who can raise the cash face an arduous vetting process, which includes extensive background checks. Letting private equity funds join the party could expedite these processes, Harlan explains, because “if you vet a private equity firm once, you have somebody who could transact multiple times.”
‘The money is coming to them’
One potential bidder told Fortune it’s unclear what structure the NFL is considering for private equity investments, or how that would compare with what’s required by other leagues. The NFL could approve a list of three to four buyers, so it wouldn’t matter how much capital a particular firm might have right now. “If three or four firms are approved, the money is coming to them,” the person said. It’s also unclear if the NFL will require approval of a firm’s limited partners. Buyout shops with investors from China or Saudi Arabia would likely not be recommended, the person added.
Harlan thinks an NFL rule change is inevitable and could happen as soon as this year. Allowing PE firms to invest “presents so many advantages to existing owners and also makes managing the entry and exit of owners into the league more efficient,” he told Fortune.
View this interactive chart on Fortune.com
Here’s a short list of private equity firms, in no particular order, that could nab a piece of an NFL team:
Dyal Capital
Dyal, part of Blue Owl, was the first private equity fund approved to invest in the NBA after the league changed its rules in 2020 to allow institutional investors and PE firms to buy minority stakes. Dyal launched HomeCourt in 2022 to acquire a pool of minority stakes in an unlimited number of NBA franchises, according to a statement at the time. Dyal HomeCourt has been active and was part of the group that acquired Michael Jordan’s stake in the Charlotte Hornets last year. Dyal HomeCourt currently has $700 million in assets to invest in minority NBA stakes, a source familiar with the fund told Fortune. To invest in the NFL, Dyal would have to create a separate fund focused on the league and would likely need several months to raise capital, the source said: “It would take quite some time.”
Sixth Street
Sixth Street has a massive, multi-strategy $27 billion evergreen pool of private capital called TAO, which is larger than most private equity funds. The firm already owns Bay FC of the National Women’s Soccer League and has a stake in the NBA’s San Antonio Spurs. Sixth Street also owns a piece of FC Barcelona’s TV rights and the stadium of Real Madrid in Spain’s top soccer league.
Carlyle Group
In March, Carlyle made its first direct investment in a sports team when it agreed to buy Seattle Reign FC, a professional women’s soccer team. The deal has yet to close. Founded in 1987, Carlyle is well-known for having many different funds but not a specific pool for sports. David Rubenstein, Carlyle’s cofounder, recently led an investor group to buy the Baltimore Orioles. Major League Baseball approved that sale in March.
RedBird Capital Partners
Of those on this list, RedBird has the capital to back any deal, but the firm has yet to say if it would be interested in the NFL. RedBird is an investor in the United Football League, the American spring football league created from the merger of the XFL and USFL. Gerry Cardinale, a former Goldman Sachs partner, launched RedBird in 2014, and the firm currently owns soccer clubs AC Milan and Toulouse FC outright. RedBird is an investor in Fenway Sports Group, which owns the Boston Red Sox, the Pittsburgh Penguins, and Liverpool FC in England’s top soccer league. RedBird has a stake in Skydance Media, which has been vying to buy Shari Redstone’s shares in Paramount. RedBird’s fourth flagship fund closed at nearly $3.3 billion, the Wall Street Journal reported in May. Including co-investments and a joint venture, RedBird now has $4.7 billion for future deals.
Arctos Partners
Arctos has been approved to invest in multiple teams by the NBA, MLB, NHL, MLS, global motorsports organizations, and European soccer federations. Arctos currently owns stakes in the Golden State Warriors, Philadelphia 76ers, Chicago Cubs, Boston Red Sox, New Jersey Devils, and Real Salt Lake. In April, Arctos’s second flagship sports fund closed with over $4.1 billion in capital commitments, including co-investment and parallel affiliated vehicles. The firm has deployed about 30% of that fund.
Ares Management
Ares is known as one of the biggest direct lenders to the middle market. Several of the firm’s executives, including Bennett Rosenthal, Tony Ressler, Michael Arougheti, Mitchell Goldstein, and Michael Smith, have individual holdings in sports teams. Ares as a firm owns minority stakes, including debt or equity, in the San Diego Padres, Ottawa Senators, Inter Miami, League One Volleyball, Eagle Football (which has stakes in football clubs like Crystal Palace), Atlético Madrid, and the Professional Fighters League. Ares also has a fund: In 2022, it raised $3.7 billion for its inaugural sports, media, and entertainment pool.
Clearlake Capital
Clearlake investments typically involve middle-market technology, industrial, and consumer sector deals. Clearlake’s most well-known deal took place in 2022, when it teamed up with Todd Boehly to buy Chelsea FC, in which Clearlake owns a majority stake.
Silver Lake
Tech-focused Silver Lake doesn’t directly own any sports teams. Instead, the firm owns stakes in companies that invest in teams. Silver Lake owns Diamond Baseball Holdings, which owns and operates select minor league baseball clubs affiliated with MLB. It also has a stake in City Football Group, which owns several football clubs, including Manchester City FC and New York City FC.
