Thinking that somebody is behind you when they’re not could be an early sign of Parkinson’s disease, warns a new study.
Experiencing a strong sensation that a person is behind you when no one really is, is known as a ‘presence hallucination,’ a frequent but under-reported predictor of Parkinson’s.
Often, patients and clinicians ignore strange experiences and pass them off as a medication side-effect.
However, researchers at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland, warned they appear in a third of Parkinson’s patients before the onset of trembling and other motor symptoms typically associated with the degenerative brain disease.
Once the motor symptoms have started hallucinations affect one in two patients.
Writing in Nature Mental Health, the experts discovered patients recently diagnosed with the disease who experience these hallucinations are more likely to have a rapid cognitive decline.
Over the first five years of the disorder, these patients would, more rapidly than their counterparts, struggle with memory, planning, and reacting automatically, known as a decline in the frontal executive function.
In the five years after that, the hallucinating cohort was linked with motor issues, known as frontal theta activity.
The disease is traditionally defined as a movement disorder, with typical motor symptoms including resting tremors, rigidity, and slow movements, but it also leads to a wide variety of non-motor symptoms early in its course.
Forms of hallucinations exist on a continuum, from minor symptoms like presence hallucinations occurring early on in the disease, moving to more severe visual hallucinations as the disease progresses.
By focusing on early signs like hallucinations, the team hopes to challenge the current reality that Parkinson’s is often diagnosed too late, limiting the availability of successful preventative and disease-modifying therapies.
Professor Olaf Blanke, EPFL, said: “We now know that early hallucinations are to be taken seriously in Parkinson’s disease.
“Detecting the earliest signs of dementia means early management of the disease, allowing us to develop improved and personalized therapies that try to modify the course of the disease and improve cognitive function.”
Cognitive decline and dementia in Parkinson’s have already been linked with complex visual hallucinations such as seeing someone who is not there.
However, these typically occur at a later stage of the disease, often ruling them out as an early marker for cognitive decline.
Dr. Frosco Bernasconi, EPFL, warned that those diagnosed with Parkinson’s should tell clinicians if they feel a ‘presence’ is behind them.
He said: “If you have Parkinson’s disease and experience hallucinations, even minor ones, then you should share this information with your doctor as soon as possible.
“So far, we only have evidence linking cognitive decline and early hallucinations for Parkinson’s disease, but it could also be valid for other neurodegenerative diseases.
“We aim to have an early marker to identify individuals at risk of a more severe form of Parkinson’s disease, characterized by a more rapid cognitive decline and dementia, based on hallucinations proneness. And ideally, identify those individuals even before hallucinations actually occur.
“We are therefore developing neuro-technology methods and procedures for that purpose.”
In order to test ‘presence hallucinations,’ the experts collaborated with San Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain, to collect data from 75 patients between the ages of 60 and 70 who had a Parkinson’s diagnosis.
Clinicians conducted a series of neuropsychological interviews to evaluate their mental state, including whether they experienced things that weren’t there.
On top of that, they took EEG (electroencephalography) measurements of the brain’s activity at rest.
Produced in association with SWNS Talker
Edited by Jessi Rexroad Shull and Kyana Jeanin Rubinfeld
