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John Deni, Research Professor of Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational Security Studies, US Army War College

Poland responds to Russian drones incursion by invoking Article 4 of the NATO treaty − what happens next?

Authorities inspect a house damaged by debris from a Russian drone shot down in eastern Poland. Wojtek Radwanski/AFP via Getty Images

NATO fighter jets shot down multiple Russian drones in Polish airspace on Sept. 10, 2025, sparking fears of an expanding Russia-Ukraine war.

The incident represented the first such incursion by unmanned Russian aircraft into the territory of a NATO member since the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Moscow said it did not target Poland, raising the possibility of the drones unintentionally straying off course. But several European leaders indicated that they believed the incursion to be intentional.

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