Scholars have deciphered and published a papyrus fragment containing part of the "Infancy Gospel of Thomas," which tells stories from Jesus' childhood.
Written in Greek, the papyrus fragment dates to the fourth or fifth century, making it the earliest copy of this gospel known to exist, scholars wrote in a paper recently published in the journal Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Other copies of the gospel exist, but they date to later times. Churches did not include this gospel in the Bible.
It "is the earliest preserved manuscript of the text in any language," Lajos Berkes, a lecturer at the Institute for Christianity and Antiquity at the Humboldt University of Berlin, and Gabriel Nocchi Macedo, a papyrology professor at the University of Liège in Belgium, wrote in the study. Scholars generally believe that the Infancy Gospel of Thomas was originally composed in the second century. Part of the reason is because some of the stories told in the gospel sound similar to stories that second-century Christian writers wrote about.
Childhood miracle
The papyrus fragment tells of a miracle that Jesus performed when he was a child. In the story told in the fragment, "Jesus plays at the ford of a rushing stream and moulds twelve sparrows from the soft clay he finds in the mud. When his father Joseph rebukes him and asks why he is doing such things on the holy Sabbath, the five-year-old Jesus claps his hands and brings the clay figures to life," according to a statement from Humboldt University of Berlin. Scholars are already aware of this story from later copies of the gospel.
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While this fragment mentions only this particular miracle, later copies of the gospel tell of many other miraculous acts that Jesus performed as a child. These include bringing a child named Zeno back to life and instantly healing his father Joseph after he was bitten by a poisonous snake.
Uncertain provenance
The origin of the fragment is uncertain. We "know close to nothing about the provenance of the papyrus, its history and ownership," Nocchi Macedo told Live Science in an email. "All we know for sure is that it originated in Egypt. It might have arrived in Hamburg either when the core of the papyrological collection was acquired — between 1906 and 1939 — or in 1990 when a box of unconserved papyri was transferred [to Hamburg] from Berlin." In the study, the scholars said they are confident that the fragment was in Germany prior to World War II.
One reason the papyrus wasn't investigated earlier is that the handwriting is messy, and it looks more like a private letter or shopping list than a gospel, the researchers said in the statement. The scholars think it may have been a writing exercise, possibly done by someone in a school or a monastery.
'Exciting' find
Many scholars agree that the fragment is an ancient manuscript and not a modern-day forgery.
"It's exciting that there's a new, early manuscript of this text," Simon Gathercole, a professor of New Testament and early Christianity at the University of Cambridge, told Live Science in an email. "It's authentic in the sense that this really is an ancient manuscript. It's not authentic in the sense that it tells us what Jesus really did as a child," Gathercole said.
Tony Burke, a professor of early Christianity at York University in Toronto, noted that the finding doesn't provide new information.
"I think it's great to have more witnesses to the text but it doesn't tell us anything new," Burke told Live Science in an email. "We always thought it was composed in the second century, so a 4th/5th century copy does not change the consensus view on the text."
Christopher Frilingos, a religious studies professor at Michigan State University, told Live Science that the discovery is "highly significant, both in terms of the date of the fragment as well as the language, Greek."
In an email, he noted that "other early Christian writers from the second century allude to childhood stories about Jesus; this manuscript would be the earliest witness to the text of such stories." Frilingos also noted that the provenance of the text should be examined in greater detail, if possible.
