Benjamin Netanyahu’s incoming hardline Israeli government has put West Bank settlement expansion at the top of its priority list, vowing to legalise dozens of illegally built outposts as part of its coalition deal with ultranationalist allies.
The coalition agreements, released a day before the government is to be sworn into office on Thursday, also included contentious judicial reforms, as well as generous stipends for ultra-Orthodox men who prefer to study instead of work.
The package laid the groundwork for what is expected to be a stormy beginning for the country’s most religious and right-wing government in history, potentially putting it at odds with large parts of the Israeli public, rankling Israel’s closest allies and escalating tensions with the Palestinians.
“What worries me the most is that these agreements change the democratic structure of what we know of as the state of Israel,” said Tomer Naor, chief legal officer of the Movement for Quality Government in Israel, a watchdog group. “One day we’ll all wake up and Mr Netanyahu is not going to be prime minister, but some of these changes will be irreversible.”
The guidelines were led by a commitment to “advance and develop settlement in all parts of the land of Israel,” including “Judea and Samaria”, the biblical names for the West Bank.
Israel captured the West Bank in 1967 along with the Gaza Strip and east Jerusalem – territory the Palestinians seek for a future state. Israel has constructed dozens of Jewish settlements home to around 500,000 Israelis who live alongside around 2.5 million Palestinians.
Most of the international community considers Israel’s West Bank settlements illegal and an obstacle to peace with the Palestinians. The United States already has warned the incoming government against taking steps that could further undermine hopes for an independent Palestinian state.
In response to a request for comment, the Palestinian leadership emphasised that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict can be resolved only through the establishment of a Palestinian state with east Jerusalem as its capital.
Without a negotiated two-state solution, “there will be no peace, security or stability in the region”, said Nabil Abu Rdeneh, a spokesman for Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas.
There was no immediate comment from the US.
Mr Netanyahu, who served 12 years as prime minister, is returning to power after he was ousted from office last year. His new government is made up of ultra-Orthodox parties, a far-right ultranationalist religious faction affiliated with the West Bank settler movement and his Likud party.
In the coalition agreement between Likud and its ally, the Religious Zionism party, Mr Netanyahu pledged to legalise wildcat settlement outposts considered illegal even by the Israeli government. He also promises to annex the West Bank “while choosing the timing and considering the national and international interests of the state of Israel”. Such a move would alienate much of the world.
The deal also grants favours to Itamar Ben-Gvir, a far-right politician who will be in charge of the national police force as the newly created national security minister.
It includes a commitment to expand and vastly increase government funding for the Israeli settlements in the divided West Bank city of Hebron, where a tiny ultranationalist Jewish community lives in heavily fortified neighbourhoods amid tens of thousands of Palestinians. Mr Ben-Gvir lives in a nearby settlement.
The agreement also includes a clause pledging to change the country’s anti-discrimination laws to allow businesses to refuse service to people “because of a religious belief”.
The legislation drew outrage earlier this week when members of Mr Ben-Gvir’s party said the law could be used to deny services to LGBTQ people. Mr Netanyahu has said he will not let the law pass, but nonetheless left the clause in the coalition agreement.
Among its other changes is placing Bezalel Smotrich, a settler leader who heads the Religious Zionism party, in a newly created ministerial post overseeing West Bank settlement policy.
In an op-ed published in The Wall Street Journal, Mr Smotrich said there would be no “changing the political or legal status” of the West Bank, indicating that annexation would not immediately take place. But he levelled criticism at the “feckless military government” that controls key aspects of life for Israeli settlements – such as construction, expansion and infrastructure projects. Mr Smotrich, who will also be finance minister, is expected to push to expand construction and funding for settlements while stifling Palestinian development in the territory.
Mr Netanyahu and his allies also agreed to push through changes meant to overhaul the country’s legal system – specifically, a bill that would allow parliament to overturn Supreme Court decisions with a simple majority of 61 lawmakers.
Critics say the law will undermine government checks and balances and erode a critical democratic institution. They also say Mr Netanyahu has a conflict of interest in pushing for the legal overhaul because he is currently on trial for corruption charges.
“Since (the new government’s) intention is to weaken the Supreme Court, we’re not going to have the court as an institution that would help guard the principles of freedom and equality,” Yohanan Plesner, president of the Israel Democracy Institute, a Jerusalem think tank, told reporters.
Two of Mr Netanyahu’s key ministers – incoming interior minister Aryeh Deri and Mr Ben-Gvir – have criminal records. Mr Deri, who served time in prison in 2002 for bribery, pleaded guilty to tax fraud earlier this year, and Mr Netanyahu and his coalition passed a law this week to allow him to serve as a minister despite his conviction. Mr Ben-Gvir was convicted in 2009 of inciting racism and supporting a terrorist organisation.
Israeli president Isaac Herzog expressed “deep concern” on Wednesday about the incoming government and its positions on LGBT+ rights, racism and the country’s Arab minority in a rare meeting with Mr Ben-Gvir, one of the coalition’s most radical members. Mr Herzog urged Mr Ben-Gvir to “be attentive to and internalise the criticism”.
The government platform also mentioned that the loosely defined rules governing holy sites, including Jerusalem’s flashpoint shrine known to Jews as the Temple Mount and to Muslims as the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, would remain the same.
Mr Ben-Gvir and other Religious Zionism politicians had called for the “status quo” to be changed to allow Jewish prayer at the site, a move that risked inflaming tensions with the Palestinians. The status of the site is the emotional epicentre of the decades-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
