Speaking on behalf of the Dutch government on Monday, Prime Minister Mark Rutte offered "apologies" for the Netherlands' involvement in the slave trade. But not everybody was willing to accept his words.
Speaking live on national television from the National Archives, Rutte said that the Netherlands must face a past with a "criminal system that brought immeasurable suffering to countless people".
Until the abolition of slavery in 1863, 600,000 men, women and children were shipped to the Americas to be sold and exploited as slaves, and some 1 million to what is now Indonesia.
There's no "measure for cruelty and injustice," which included "gruesome treatment, whipping, cutting of limbs and branding," he said.
Crime against humanity
The apology comes almost 150 years after the end of slavery in the European country's overseas colonies, which included Suriname and islands like Curaçao and Aruba in the Caribbean and Indonesia in the East.
"We, living in the here and now, can only recognise and condemn slavery in the clearest terms as a crime against humanity," he said.
Dutch ministers have travelled to seven former colonies in South America and the Caribbean ahead of the planned commemoration event.
Sigrid Kaag, the Dutch finance minister and deputy prime minister, said on an official visit to Suriname last week that a "process" would begin leading up to "another incredibly important moment on 1 July next year".
Descendants of Dutch slavery will then celebrate 150 years of liberation from slavery in an annual celebration called "Keti Koti" (Breaking the Chains) in Surinamese.
Controversy
But the plan has caused controversy, with groups and some of the affected countries criticising the move as rushed, and saying the lack of consultation by the Netherlands smacked of a colonial attitude.
But Rutte in his speech on Monday said that choosing the right moment was a "complicated matter".
"There is not one right time for everyone, not one right word for everyone, not one right place for everyone," he said.
The Dutch funded their "Golden Age" of empire and culture in the 16th and 17th centuries by shipping around 600,000 Africans as part of the slave trade, mostly to South America and the Caribbean.
At the height of its colonial empire, the United Provinces known today as the Netherlands possessed colonies like Suriname, the Caribbean island of Curaçao, South Africa and Indonesia, where the Dutch East India Company was based in the 17th century.
In recent years, the Netherlands has been grappling with the fact that its Rembrandt and Vermeer-filled museums and historic towns were largely built on the back of that brutality.
Spurred by the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States, it has also raised questions about the racism in Dutch society.
Pressure has been growing at home with the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht formally apologising for the slave trade.
Rutte had long resisted, previously saying the period of slavery was too far back and that an apology would ignite tensions in a country where the far-right remains strong.
He has now changed tack, but that has not pleased everyone.
'Enslaved people'
Sint Maarten's Prime Minister Silveria Jacobs told Dutch media on Saturday the island would not accept a Dutch apology if made on Monday.
"Let me be clear that we won't accept an apology until our advisory committee has discussed it and we as a country discussed it," she said.
The fact that another Dutch minister sent to Suriname, Franc Weerwind, is himself of Surinamese descent sparked criticism from the slavery restitution group there on the grounds that he is a "descendant of enslaved people".
On Monday, Dutch cabinet ministers would be in Suriname, Bonaire, Sint Maarten (which shares an island with the French territory of Saint Martin,) Aruba, Curaçao, Saba, St. Eustatius to "discuss the cabinet response and its significance on location with those present," the government said.
Slavery was formally abolished in Suriname and other Dutch-held lands on 1 July 1863, but the practice only really ended in 1873 after a 10-year "transition" period.
Slavery commemoration groups say any apology should come on the 150th anniversary of that date, in 2023, instead of the "arbitrary" date of 19 December this year.
(With agencies)
