Marred by intense competition and several promotional campaigns, the three major e-commerce operators in Thailand have racked up a combined 39 billion baht in operational losses over the past seven years, according to Creden Data, a data analytics service provider.

The trio are Lazada, the Southeast Asia e-commerce arm of China's Alibaba; Shopee, the e-commerce arm of Singapore-headquartered internet firm Sea; and JD Central, an e-commerce joint venture between Central Group and Chinese internet giant JD.com.