Since Hamas launched its unprecedented October 7 attack on Israel, international links to the militant group have been placed under scrutiny. Some nations have tried to lessen or hide their previous relationships, or have acted to leverage their links to assist with diplomacy. Malaysia’s prime minister, Anwar Ibrahim, on the other hand, quickly phoned Hamas leaders and expressed his unwavering support.
This response was not entirely unexpected. Malaysia is a multicultural country, and my research there demonstrates that pro-Palestinian, antisemitic and anti-Israel beliefs all operate as a symbolic rejection of secularism and the west. For many Malay nationalists, Israel, Jews and Zionism have come to represent the pinnacle of this threat, which then functions as an affirmation of political Islam and Malay supremacy.
I argue this ethnoreligious nationalism is a form of social control. It enables the authorities to retain support by appealing directly to ethnic Malay Muslims, who make up around 60% of the population.
