In 2023, researchers tested a Vancouver rain garden against a tire-derived toxin; it kept more than 90% from passing through into drainage

A full-scale bioretention cell in Vancouver reduced 6PPD-quinone mass loadings by about 10-fold, according to a peer-reviewed study published in 2023.

Researchers investigated whether bioretention could reduce 6PPD-quinone, a transformation product of 6PPD, an additive used in vehicle tires. The study combined a field experiment with modelling to examine how the stormwater system affected the chemical's movement through the system.