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The Conversation
The Conversation
Paul Formosa, Associate Professor in Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Agency, Values and Ethics (CAVE), Macquarie University

Guide to the classics: Immanuel Kant’s Toward Perpetual Peace and its relevance to the war in Ukraine

Immanuel Kant Ukraine Russia Vladimir Putin United States Baltic Sea Europe Kaliningrad NATO Prussia
Refugees from Mariupol sit in a bus crossing the Ukraine-Russia border on March 15. Arkady Budnitsky/EPA

A powerful European country invades a less powerful one. This is a story that German philosopher Immanuel Kant, while writing his essay Toward Perpetual Peace in 1795 in Prussian Königsberg (now a Russian territory on the Baltic Sea called Kaliningrad), was all too familiar with.

Unfortunately, it is a story repeating itself today as Ukraine is invaded by Russia. But what can we still learn from Kant’s essay?

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