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The Conversation
The Conversation
G. Samantha Rosenthal, Associate Professor of History, Roanoke College

Gender-affirming care has a long history in the US – and not just for transgender people

Enforcement of binary gender norms has led to unwanted medical interventions on intersex and cisgender children. Javier Valenzuela/EyeEm via Getty Images

In 1976, a woman from Roanoke, Virginia, named Rhoda received a prescription for two drugs: estrogen and progestin. Twelve months later, a local reporter noted Rhoda’s surprisingly soft skin and visible breasts. He wrote that the drugs had made her “so completely female.”

Indeed, that was the point. The University of Virginia Medical Center in nearby Charlottesville had a clinic specifically for women like Rhoda. In fact, doctors there had been prescribing hormones and performing surgeries – what today we would call gender-affirming care – for years.

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