Possible sabotage, drone overflights and mapping by submarines: the North Sea and its off shore wind farms are vulnerable to hybrid warfare, threatening one of Europe's crucial renewable energy sources. But, who is responsible for security and defence?
As of early 2026, more than 100 offshore wind farms are operating in the North Sea across the exclusive economic zones of Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, Denmark and Belgium. Major clusters in the German Bight and off the UK's east coast make the region one of the world's largest offshore wind hubs.
