The Netherlands, Italy, France and Spain are among the top ten countries worst hit by additional fossil-fuel import costs caused by disruption in the Middle East, according to a report from the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA).
Across the 170 countries examined, 134 paid more for diesel than markets had anticipated before the war, CREA's report reveals. The Netherlands recorded an estimated €11.5 billion in additional costs between March and August 2026, followed by Italy at €10.8bn, France at €9.5bn and Spain at €8.8bn.
