Over the past decade, prominent European politicians seemed to think that legal regulation would be enough to control the internet. They focused primarily on drafting laws to regulate foreign platforms rather than prioritising investment in developing European alternatives. This focus contributed to producing the internet Europeans experience today, in which users typically must rely on foreign private platforms for modern necessities like search engines, maps, communication, online commerce, social media, cloud storage, and AI software, owing to the lack of compelling homegrown services.
Why did EU legislators place so much stock in the promise and power of legislation? And why have those same legislators gradually moved, since 2020 – and particularly since Donald Trump’s election to a second term as US president in late 2024 – towards a viewpoint that instead emphasises the limitations of legal solutions and the need for ownership and control of digital infrastructure?
