Key takeaways
- Upon the death of a taxpayer, income is taxed either on the taxpayer's final return, on the return of the beneficiary who acquires the right to receive the income, or on the estate's or a trust's income tax return.
- Only income earned between the beginning of the year and the date of death should be reported on the decedents’ final return. Earnings after the date of death are taxable to the beneficiary of the account or to the estate.
- Money you inherit is generally not subject to federal income taxes. Only interest on it from the time you become the owner is taxed.
- Money in traditional IRAs, 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and annuities is taxed to the heir.
Federal taxes
When someone dies, the need to deal with federal and state tax issues often continues. In fact, taxes can further complicate the lives of survivors. Federal estate taxes may be due, and state inheritance taxes could come into play as well. Our focus here will be on federal income taxes.
Final tax return
Upon the death of a taxpayer, a new taxpaying entity—the taxpayer's estate—is born to make sure no taxable income falls through the cracks. Generally, income is taxed either:
- on the taxpayer's final return,
- on the return of the beneficiary who acquires the right to receive the income, or
- on the estate's or a trust's income tax return, if the estate or trust receives $600 or more of income.
The filing of the deceased taxpayer's final return usually falls to the executor or administrator of the estate, but if neither is named, then the task needs to be taken over by a survivor of the deceased. The final return is filed on the same form that would have been used if the taxpayer were still alive, but "Deceased:" is written at the top of the return followed the person's name and the date of death. The deadline to file a final return is the tax filing deadline of the year following the taxpayer's death.
Reporting income
Only income earned between the beginning of the year and the date of death should be reported on the final return.
For taxpayers who use the cash method of accounting, as most do, income is considered earned as it is actually received or at least made available to them. Taxpayers who use the accrual method of accounting, on the other hand, count income as earned when they actually earn it, regardless of when they receive it.
The distinction is important because some income that might logically seem to belong on the decedent's final return is considered income in respect of a decedent (defined below) and is taxable either to the estate or to the person who receives it.
Earnings and income
Income in respect of a decedent refers to income that the decedent had a right to receive at the time of death, but that is not reported on his or her final return. It does not include earnings on savings or investments that accrue after death.
Say a taxpayer who has a substantial amount in money-market mutual funds dies on June 30. Only interest earned up to that date would be reported on the final tax return. Earnings after that date are taxable to the beneficiary of the account, or to the estate.
That can create some hassles since the payer—a mutual fund, bank or broker, for example—will report income to the IRS on a 1099 form. Although you should try to get ownership of the account changed as quickly as possible after the death of the owner, the 1099 income report may well show more income assigned to the decedent than it should. In such cases, you'll need to report the entire amount on Schedule B of the decedent's return, and then deduct the amount that is being reported by the estate or other beneficiary who actually received the income.
Money you inherit is generally not subject to the federal income tax. If you inherit a $100,000 certificate of deposit, for example, the $100,000 is not taxable. Only interest on it from the time you become the owner is taxed. If you receive interest that accrued but was not paid prior to the owner's death, however, it is considered income in respect of a decedent and is taxable on your return.
Inherited IRAs and retirement accounts
A major exception to the general rule that inheritances are not subject to the income tax—and one that is taking on more and more importance—is the money in traditional IRAs, employer-sponsored retirement plans including 401(k)s and 403(b)s, and annuities that is treated as income in respect of a decedent, and therefore taxed to the heir.
An important exception to this major exception covers Roth IRAs and Roth 401(k)s. No taxes are due on inherited Roth distributions as long as the account had been open at least five years at the time of the owner’s death. If the original owner dies before the five-year period has elapsed, you can satisfy the holding period by rolling the account over into an inherited Roth IRA and waiting until the holding period has passed.
An important change took effect in 2007 that allows non-spouse beneficiaries who inherit a 401(k) to roll over that money into an inherited IRA, enabling them to spread out their distributions and associated tax bills over their lifetimes, just as spouses have always been able to do. Traditional 401(k)s and similar tax-deferred employer-sponsored retirement plans can be rolled over into traditional inherited IRAs. A beneficiary of a Roth 401(k) can roll over the funds into an inherited Roth IRA.
TurboTax Tip: All tax-deductible expenses paid before death can be written off on the final return. If deductions aren't itemized, the Standard Deduction may be claimed. If the taxpayer was married, the spouse may file a joint return for the year of death, claiming the full Standard Deduction.
U.S. Savings Bonds
There's a special rule for U.S. Savings Bonds, from which income generally accrues tax-free until the bonds are cashed in. When the bond owner dies, the accrued interest may be treated as income in respect of a decedent.
In that case, the new owner of the bonds becomes responsible for the tax on the interest accrued during the life of the decedent. (The tax isn't due, however, until the new owner cashes in the bonds.)
Alternatively, the interest accrued up to the date of death can be reported on the decedent's final income tax return. That could be a tax-saving choice if the decedent is in a lower tax bracket than the beneficiary. If that method is chosen, the person who gets the bonds only includes in income the interest earned after the date of death.
Reporting deductions
On the deduction side of the ledger, all tax-deductible expenses paid before death can be written off on the final return. In addition, medical bills paid within one year after death may be treated as having been paid by the decedent at the time the expenses were incurred. That means the cost of a final illness can be deducted on the final return even if the bills were not paid until after death.
If deductions are not itemized on the final return, the full Standard Deduction may be claimed, regardless of when during the year the taxpayer died. Even if the death occurred on Jan. 1, the full Standard Deduction is available.
Filing the final return
If the taxpayer was married, the spouse may file a joint return for the year of death, claiming the full Standard Deduction, and using joint-return rates.
The executor usually files a joint return, but the surviving spouse can file it if no executor or administrator has been appointed. If the surviving spouse has a qualifying dependent and meets other requirements, they can file as a qualifying widow/widower for the two years following a spouse's death. That basically lets you continue to use the same tax brackets that apply to married-filing-jointly returns. Otherwise, the surviving spouse can file a joint return for the year of death.
If an executor or administrator is involved, they must sign the return for the decedent. When a joint return is filed, the spouse must also sign. When there is no executor or administrator, whoever is responsible for filing the return should sign the return and note that they are signing "on behalf of the decedent." If a joint return is filed by the surviving spouse alone, they should sign the return and write "filing as surviving spouse" in the space for the other spouse's signature.
If a refund is due, there's one more step. You should also complete and file with the final return a copy of Form 1310, Statement of Person Claiming Refund Due a Deceased Taxpayer. Although the IRS says you don't have to file Form 1310 if you are a surviving spouse filing a joint return, you probably should file the form anyway to head off possible delays.
Basis of inherited property
For deaths that occurred in years other than 2010, the tax basis of any property a taxpayer owns at the time of their death is typically "stepped up" to its date-of-death value. Since the basis is the amount from which any gain or loss will be figured when the new owner ultimately sells the property, this means that the tax on any appreciation that occurred during the taxpayer's life is essentially forgiven.
The person who inherits the property—a house, say, or stocks and bonds – would owe tax only on appreciation after the time of death. It's important that you pinpoint date-of-death value as soon as possible—the executor should be able to help—to avoid hassles later on when you sell it. Likewise, if assets have lost value during the original owner’s life, the tax basis is stepped down to date-of-death value.
Survivor's home sale exclusion
Tax law provides for an extended period of time during which a surviving spouse may take up to $500,000 of home-sale profit tax-free, rather than being restricted to the $250,000 amount allowed for single homeowners. The law allows the surviving spouse to use the $500,000 exclusion if the home is sold within two years of their spouse’s death.
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