Chang-Tai Hsieh and Enrico Moretti's 2019 article, "Housing Constraints and Spatial Misallocation" is a much-cited and highly influential paper in the literature on the economic effects of zoning. It finds that exclusionary zoning restrictions in several major US metro areas had large negative effects on the economy. Between 1964 and 2009, the authors concluded, they lowered GDP to the point where it was 8.9% lower in 2009 than it would have been if these jurisdictions had only average levels of zoning restrictions.
