WASHINGTON — The sights and sounds coming from Ukraine — the screams of air raid sirens, explosions, the rumbling of armored personnel carriers down rural roads — all happening in the middle of Europe inevitably conjure memories of World War II.
But do they also foreshadow a broader war that will consume scores of countries?
World War II, a savage conflict fought across the globe from 1939 to 1945, gave birth to NATO, a transatlantic alliance of the U.S. and major Western European nations. The alliance, formed in 1949, has preserved peace and stability in the region, more or less, for the last seven decades.
Ukraine is not a member of NATO, although it has expressed a desire to join. Before he launched his invasion, Russian President Vladimir Putin had demanded that the alliance agree to never admit Ukraine.
The U.S. and its NATO allies rebuffed the demand, saying it was up to individual nations to decide whether they wanted to become members. It was NATO’s expansion to include several other former Soviet republics that has most angered Putin and raised alarms in the Kremlin about Russia’s security.
While leaders of NATO countries have sought to sanction Putin and Russia over the invasion and have offered military assistance to Ukraine, President Joe Biden has repeatedly stressed that U.S. forces would not be deployed in Ukraine.
“Our forces are not and will not be engaged in the conflict with Russia in Ukraine,” Biden said Thursday at the White House.
Analysts and historians say the likelihood of U.S. forces engaging in combat with Russians is extremely low. That is because leaders of both countries understand the stakes involved in such a battle. Russia and the U.S. have robust nuclear arsenals, and their leaders realize any miscalculation could quickly spiral out of control, with dire consequences for their populations and humanity.
“I cannot imagine any scenarios where we get into a war with Russia that are not fanciful, random, irresponsible speculation,” said Simon Miles, a Cold War expert and assistant professor at Duke University. “You couldn’t put that toothpaste back in the tube. It would just have devastating consequences, such a conflict.”
The only way analysts can foresee a war between the U.S. and Russia would be if Putin’s forces attacked a NATO country. That could trigger Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty that stipulates an attack on one member is an attack on all. That would mean committing troops to combat to help another NATO member. It has been invoked just one time — after the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks on New York and Washington.
For weeks, top U.S. and European officials have reaffirmed their commitment to Article 5, a signal to Moscow that attacking Ukraine is a much different proposition than trying to invade a NATO country. “Let me be clear: America’s commitment to Article 5 is ironclad,” Vice President Kamala Harris said last week before the invasion.
On Thursday, Biden issued the same pledge: “There is no doubt — no doubt that the United States and every NATO ally will meet our Article 5 commitments, which says that an attack on one is an attack on all.”
Experts say that Putin and Russian leaders surely got that message. He knows that if he orders an attack on a former Soviet satellite now in NATO (think: Romania and Poland), he would be inviting serious retaliation.
Even so, analysts say, there are concerns about what might happen if an errant Russian airstrike or missile hits a NATO country, where the U.S. and its allies have been building up their forces in response to the Ukrainian invasion. They say such an incident could lead that nation to invoke Article 5.
“Any move against a NATO country now will bring a far wider and more dangerous war,” said Daniel Serwer, a conflict management expert at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Washington. “NATO has beefed up its forces on Russia’s periphery, the opposite of what Putin wanted.”
Foreign policy experts noted that Putin may also not be as careful as U.S. leaders. He could feel emboldened by his foray into Ukraine and attack vulnerable European counties that are not NATO members that could put his forces in closer proximity to NATO’s.
The Russian autocrat has complained about the small Baltic states joining the alliance, complicating his country’s access to the strategically important Baltic Sea. He might be tempted to invade those countries, believing NATO’s other countries would not be willing to commit forces to defend them. Although U.S. intelligence assessments of Putin’s intentions in Ukraine were largely accurate, they have frequently failed to divine his motivations and anticipate his actions.
“It all depends on how far Putin is willing to go,” said Eddy Acevedo, a former official with the U.S. Agency for International Development who is now a senior foreign policy adviser to the Wilson Center, a nonpartisan think tank in Washington. “So far, in predicting that, everyone has been off.”
(Staff writer Del Quentin Wilber in Washington contributed to this report.)
