Volcanoes have shaped some of the world's most productive landscapes, leaving behind fertile soils, natural harbours and landscapes that have supported communities for centuries. The same geological forces that enrich the land also create hazards that can return with little warning. Around the world, millions of people continue to live beneath active volcanoes, accepting the risks because their homes, livelihoods and local economies remain closely tied to these landscapes. WorldAtlas lists the cities that might face frequent ashfall, while others worry about lava, toxic gases or destructive mudflows that can travel many kilometres from the summit.
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