U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen departs Tuesday to visit three African countries central to President Joe Biden’s strategy to rejuvenate ties on the continent and counter China’s influence across the developing world.
The 11-day journey comes just a month after Biden hosted more than 40 African leaders in Washington, where $15 billion in new commitments and deals were announced.
“The U.S. wants to build on that progress,” said Razia Khan, head of research for Africa and the Middle East at Standard Chartered Plc in London. “They’re trying to reinforce that there is a different model for how to develop” than relying on China.
Her meetings in Senegal and South Africa will bracket a visit to Zambia, seen as a proving ground for democracy in southern Africa and for debt relief prospects among heavily indebted countries worldwide.
Yellen on Friday in Senegal will deliver what the Treasury is billing as “major remarks on the U.S.-African economic relationship.” Senegal, where she’ll meet President Macky Sall, is expected to have the fastest-growing economy in Africa this year and is currently chair of the African Union.
In Zambia, she’ll meet with President Hakainde Hichilema, a once-jailed opposition leader who has pursued democratic and economic reforms.
Under Hichilema’s predecessor, Edgar Lungu, the U.S. threatened to sanction officials from the then-ruling party if they tried to rig the 2021 elections. Meanwhile, Chinese companies won billions of dollars in government tenders, all funded by debt that ultimately helped bankrupt the nation.
“Zambia is the best democracy story we have right now on the continent,” said Michelle Gavin, a former U.S. ambassador to Botswana and a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. “It’s the best chance to prove that more democracy, more rule-of-law delivers results for citizens.”
Zambia defaulted on its debt in 2020, and has since applied for restructuring of about $12.8 billion under the Group of 20’s new Common Framework. The program seeks to unify the position of commercial and sovereign creditors and smooth the path to relief for the most heavily indebted countries.
China holds about a third of Zambia’s external debt, but has dragged its feet on the process, leaving Zambia and the entire Common Framework project in limbo. That’s kept other struggling governments from seeking help from the program, and led to heavy criticism of China from Western officials, including Yellen.
“Zambia is a key test case,” Standard Chartered’s Khan said. “If something can be done in Zambia’s case that does accelerate the process, that could encourage other countries to act early, well ahead of getting to the point of default.”
That’s especially important, she added, at a time when COVID-19, the war in Ukraine and a strengthening dollar are pushing many emerging markets close to the breaking point. Ghana became the latest country to default when it suspended interest payments in December.
The last stop is South Africa, which has just assumed the chair of the BRICS club of nations, and may seek to admit new members to that political and economic grouping of major emerging markets. Expanding the body — comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa — could increase its role as a counterweight to the global dominance of developed economies such as the U.S.
Yellen is expected to push the government of President Cyril Ramaphosa to pursue its fledgling transition to cleaner energy and away from a heavy reliance on coal. South Africa has been promised $8.5 billion from rich nations to help, but most of that is in loans, not grants, and the country is dealing with an energy crisis that risks curbing economic growth.
While the U.S. is among countries backing the project, authorities may ask the US for additional financial support.
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(With assistance from Taonga Clifford Mitimingi.)
