Georgia's parliament on Tuesday gave final approval to its "foreign agents" bill, a controversial piece of legislation that has led to weeks of protest in the former Soviet republic and is seen by many as a tug of war for influence between Russia and the West.
Supporters say the law is about transparency and preventing outside influence on Georgian politics, while opponents say it's modeled on a Russian law that has been used to clamp down on dissent.
Video posted on Telegram Tuesday showed protesters trying to break through a barricade set up just outside the Georgian parliament in Tbilisi, the capital, shortly after lawmakers gave their third and final approval of the bill in a vote of 84 in favor, 30 opposed and no abstentions.
Georgia's parliament now has 10 days to send the bill to President Salome Zourabichvili, a fierce critic who has already vowed to veto it. Zourabichvili has two weeks to do so, but parliament can override her objection with a simple majority.
Here's what you need to know about the bill and what happens next.
The 'foreign agents' bill, and why it's so controversial
The bill, put forth by the ruling Georgian Dream party, or GD, requires nongovernmental organizations and media companies that get more than 20% of their funding from abroad to register as "pursuing the interests of a foreign power" and provide financial statements about their activities. Those that fail to do so could face hefty fines.
Proponents of the bill say it's necessary to prevent foreign influence and will make information about foreign funding more transparent. They also say the bill is based on a similar U.S. law — the Foreign Agents Registration Act — which dates back to 1938.
But critics, who call the legislation "the Russian law," say that a similar law passed by Moscow in 2012 has been used to crack down on critics of the Kremlin, from independent media organizations to human rights groups. Many say the Georgian government is using the law to align Georgia closer to Russia and quell dissent ahead of key national elections this fall.
In an interview with NPR earlier this month, GD lawmaker Maka Botchorishvili, who heads the parliament's committee on EU integration, fiercely rejected accusations that her party is aligning itself with Russia.
"As [a] Georgian politician and Georgian citizen, it is very much insulting when somebody puts Georgia and Russia on the same level," Botchorishvili said.
She said Russia remains Georgia's "No. 1 threat" given the Kremlin has occupied parts of Georgian territory since a brief war in 2008.
Last year, widespread protest forced the government to abandon efforts to pass a similar law.
What protesters are saying
The current protests began in mid-April, shortly after Georgia's parliament passed its first reading of the bill. Since then, demonstrators — including a large swath of people from Generation Z — have been gathering at nightly marches toward the parliament. Many of them say they want to ensure Georgia's future includes entry into the European Union.
While Georgia was given official candidate status for EU membership in 2023, critics say the foreign agents bill is incompatible with European values of democracy and free speech. If the bill becomes law, it would likely create a headache for Brussels to move forward with Georgia's EU candidacy.
A December 2023 poll from the National Democratic Institute found that 79% of Georgians support the idea of EU membership.
"I want to be a part of Europe, and I want my freedom, as my other friends do," Mariam Esaiashvili, a university student, told NPR at a protest in Tbilisi earlier this month. "But this law just gets us more far from that mission."
"We are in the crossroads right now," said Giorgi Gzirishvili, a 29-year-old IT specialist who has been protesting since April. "We either have to ensure our future by becoming a member of NATO and [the] European Union, or we'll not exist in 10-15 years."
How the most recent protests have unfolded
While initially attracting younger crowds, the largely peaceful protests have galvanized Georgians of all ages in more recent days.
More than 50,000 gathered in the capital Tbilisi over the weekend, with huge crowds seen marching through Europe Square, chanting "Georgia!"
Thousands stayed overnight in front of the parliament, where they tried to block lawmakers from entering the building to discuss the bill.
Masked security eventually showed up to disperse the crowds in the early morning hours, using water cannon trucks, tear gas and rubber bullets to remove people.
Twenty people were detained over the weekend, according to Russian state news, including two Americans and one Russian citizen.
What happens next
The bill will now be sent to Georgia's President Salome Zourabichvili, a vocal supporter of Georgia's EU ambitions who has said she would veto it. However, the ruling GD party has enough control in parliament to override her, meaning her veto will largely be symbolic.
Demonstrations, meanwhile, are expected to continue.
The two biggest figureheads in Georgia, Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze and the Georgian Dream party's billionaire founder Bidzina Ivanishvili are both eager for the bill to pass.
Kornely Kakachia, the director of the Georgian Institute of Politics, told NPR he sees the law as a way for Ivanishvili to exert more control over free media and civil society.
"This is the only one sector [Ivanishvili] does not control," Kakachia said. "These people are not depending [on the] government. They have their own income and they are the ones who criticize and challenge the government."
