House prices are pretty much the only prices falling across Australia right now. Which is something like irony, considering they are not part of the consumer price index the RBA is targeting.
You may expect rising CPI and fall house prices to continue. The RBA governor confirmed it on Tuesday when he raised official interest rates by 0.25% and also lifted forecasts for consumer price inflation.
Consumer prices are now expected to rise by 8% this year. The previous forecast was 7.8%, so inflation is continuing to worsen, despite the RBA’s actions. That rate of price growth will compound quickly.
We had inflation of 3.5% in 2021 and a forecast 4.3% in 2023. Compounding the inflation across the three years means something that cost $1 at the start of 2021 will cost $1.17 by the end of 2023, if it rises by the average rate of inflation. Another way of looking at it is every dollar loses 17% of its buying power in three years.
One of the fastest price rises so far has been in milk. In late 2021 I was buying two litres of full cream milk for $2.39. Now Woolworths’ cheapest two-litre milk costs $3.10. That’s a 30% increase over the last year. As the next chart shows, the official CPI confirms milk prices have shot up, albeit after a 10 year lull.
“At our meeting, we discussed how the higher interest rates are putting pressure on family budgets, just at the time that high petrol prices and grocery bills are also squeezing budgets,” said RBA Governor Philip Lowe on Tuesday, after hiking rates. “We are conscious of this and are certainly taking it into account.”
Fruit and vegetables are also rising fast, as is gas and other household fuels. Rents are rising too – average rents are shown in the table below. They are rising less than advertised rents, because not all leases come up every year. But the price of buying a house is going the other way.
House price falls are greatest in Sydney, where prices are down 8.6% over the last year. At the other end of the spectrum is rural south Australia, where prices are up 20% over the last year. But markets are quiet this year, with far fewer properties being put up for sale than usual.
Rising consumer prices and falling house prices accompany a worsening outlook for economic growth. The budget printed forecasts for economic growth of just 2% next calendar year. The RBA is even more pessimistic. They see growth falling to 1.5%.
How does it work?
It’s one of the ironies of monetary policy that to make consumer prices fall, we must lift the price of a mortgage. Interest repayments aren’t in the CPI, so raising them doesn’t take the RBA further from its goal. That’s a free kick for the central bank, but it doesn’t get everything going its way. If along the way it crushes housing prices, that doesn’t achieve the RBA’s goal of lower consumer price inflation, because (most) house prices aren’t part of the CPI basket either.
The only house prices that are in the CPI are the actual house component of newly built homes. All second-hand goods are excluded from the CPI, so established house trades are not included, and land is also excluded because it’s not consumable, it’s an asset.
Why do we fight inflation? To protect people’s economic wellbeing. To stop prices rising, we stop people spending. To do that, we must crush their wealth and squeeze their household budgets. It certainly is a roundabout way to protect people’s economic wellbeing.
If macroeconomics had proper laboratories, perhaps economists could figure out a better approach. But there are no true laboratories, just a few mathematical models. When we look at national economies, the ones that fight inflation with interest rate rises are doing better than those who don’t. Risk-averse, we stick to the devil we know. Rate hikes it is, across the developed world.
Who gets hit?
Rising interest rates hit families in many ways. Higher mortgage payments are a big deal for some borrowers — a 2.75% rate hike on the average new owner-occupier mortgage of $600,000 adds $850 a month to repayments, assuming a 30-year loan. It’s over $1100 a month extra in NSW where the average new mortgage has been $800,000.
Some borrowers are already paying $1100 a month more than the bank asks for. Those borrowers don’t need to reduce their consumption to fund the repayment hikes. Others might not be stuffing their mortgage offset accounts but could be saving in other ways. They will probably keep spending as much as ever too, so they don’t help the RBA achieve its goal. But for most households, more mortgage repayments means less left over for other things. We trim our spending, buying cheaper things and less of them.
What I’ve described above is the obvious way that interest rate hikes work. There is also a less obvious way: falling house prices make families less wealthy. That latter effect is actually very significant.
In a recent study by the RBA, they found that if employment fell by 8% and house prices fell by 40% (i.e. a model of a major crisis) most of the effect on household consumption would come from the latter effect. Falling wealth makes people spend less. And the households for whom the decrease in spending would be greatest would be those who have the most housing wealth — older households. To be clear, that isn’t the exact same scenario as a house price fall caused by rising rates, and it is just a model, but it does illustrate that it is not only young households that get hit when house prices fall. Older homeowners are also bearing some of the burden.
Almost everyone is being made worse off, and interest rate rises are not over yet. There is still one more RBA meeting this year before they take January off. Markets are pricing in a decent chance of a rate rise at that meeting, and several more in 2023. It could be a long time before house prices bottom and inflation is back under control.
