By building up the notion of the Indo-Pacific as a critical region, Shinzo Abe, the late Japanese prime minister, created a strategic framework that presaged the geopolitical and economic integration now taking place across Asia and parts of Africa. As South Asian and Middle Eastern countries merge into West Asia, a new continental order could reshape the global balance of power.
During his first visit to India as prime minister, in August 2007, Abe delivered his seminal "Confluence of the Two Seas" speech to the Indian Parliament. Abe drew his speech title from a book written by the Mughal prince Dara Shikoh in 1655, which explored the commonalities between Islam and Hinduism as neighbouring religious and civilisational constructs. The Pacific and Indian Oceans also share many commonalities, Abe noted. The "dynamic coupling" of these "seas of freedom and of prosperity" would transform not only the Indo-Pacific region but also "broader Asia."
But Abe, who was assassinated last July, had more than just maritime metaphors in mind. His overarching goal was to build the most consequential bilateral relationship in the Indo-Pacific -- India and Japan. As one of the first Asian leaders to recognise the global and regional impact of China's rise, Abe went on a one-man crusade to create a viable new balance of power. By expanding the geopolitical dimensions of the Asia-Pacific region and pushing it westward toward the Indian Ocean, he helped shift the region's strategic profile.
Abe's 2007 speech highlighted the intellectual vacuum in Washington at the time. While the United States was at the height of its ill-fated "war on terror" and mired in two protracted, costly wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Abe sought to redefine the Indo-Pacific on Japan's terms, as a rival to the China-centric "community of common destiny".
For Abe and his successors, fostering cooperation across the Eurasian and African rimlands through extensive networks of defence and trade ties was the key to realising the vision of a broader Asia. In placing the Indo-Pacific at the heart of this vision, they drew on the insights of the nineteenth-century American admiral Alfred Mahan and the British naval historian Julian Corbett.
Mahan and Corbett, the pioneers of modern naval strategy, viewed sea power as an essential source of national strength. The twentieth-century political scientist Nicholas Spykman emphasised the strategic centrality of the Eurasian rimland, in contrast to Halford Mackinder's insistence on the centrality of the Eurasian heartland. Together, Mahan and Corbett's writings on sea power and Spykman's maritime-based approach to geopolitics provided the intellectual foundations for Abe's broader Asia.
Today, the clearest manifestation of Abe's Indo-Pacific strategy is the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, better known as the Quad, which began as a humanitarian initiative when the US, Australia, India, and Japan formed a joint relief operation following the deadly tsunami that devastated Indonesia in 2004. After his re-election in 2017, Abe repurposed it as a vehicle for his geopolitical vision.
Several "mini-lateral" institutions followed the Quad, such as the Aukus defence pact, the US-Australia-Japan Trilateral Strategic Dialogue, Australia-Indonesia-India cooperation, and an Italy-Japan-UK fighter jet project. These initiatives aim to enhance Indo-Pacific security and stability, reflecting the region's transformation into a "geography of strategies".
As Arab states diversified their alliances after the Iraq War and Arab Spring, Asian countries rushed to fill the vacuum. Japan has become a trusted regional leader in technology, clean energy, and space exploration, while South Korea supplies technology and arms to the Gulf states and Egypt. Defence and trade ties, combined with the Gulf states' growing influence, have hastened the Middle East's integration into the Asian economic sphere.
To offset China's rising power, Abe redefined the Asia-Pacific region. Strategists aim to establish a regional balance of power by expanding the geopolitical definition of the Middle East to include India and other South Asian countries. The Abraham Accords, the Negev Forum, the I2U2, and the France-UAE-India trilateral framework suggest a nascent Indo-Abrahamic alliance between India, Israel, and the Arab states.
The introduction of India into the Middle East's political and economic domain is an extension of the geostrategic model Abe championed in his "Confluence of the Two Seas" speech. With India as the link between the Indo-Pacific and the Indo-Abrahamic countries of West Asia, a continental Asian order is slowly now beginning to take shape. ©2023 Project Syndicate
Mohammed Soliman, a global strategy adviser at McLarty Associates, is Director of the Strategic Technologies and Cyber Security Program at the Middle East Institute.
