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Valerie Kivelson, Professor of History, University of Michigan

Where the witches were men: A historian explains what magic looked like in early modern Russia

'A Sorcerer Comes to a Peasant Wedding,' a 19th-century painting by Russian artist Vassily Maximov. Tretyakov Gallery/Wikimedia Commons

The word “witches” makes many Americans think of women working in league with the devil. But that hasn’t always been the face of sorcery.

Most of Catholic and Protestant Europe embraced the idea of magic as a satanic craft practiced by women, and strong, independent women were kept in line through such accusations. In Orthodox Russia, however, accusers overwhelmingly blamed men for bewitching them and held different ideas of where the power of “magic” came from.

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