A major reform of European migration rules aimed at hardening border procedures and overhauling the asylum process comes into force on Friday.
"For the first time we have a comprehensive European system," said Magnus Brunner, the European Union’s migration chief, adding that the reform would hand EU nations more control over their borders.
Here are the main features of the new initiative:
Beefed-up border screenings
Migrants irregularly entering the European Union will undergo identity and security checks in a process lasting up to seven days.
Identity documents and biometric readings of their faces and fingerprints will be recorded in a database.
The screening aims to determine who should receive an accelerated or normal asylum application process and who should be sent back to their country of origin or transit.
Fast-track rejection
A big issue in the EU’s immigration system for some member states has been a lack of autonomy in decision-making capacity for the processing of migrants and how long these processes can take.
The new system is looking to expedite processes, especially in cases of rejection.
Asylum-seekers considered a security risk or with lower chances of receiving refugee status - those coming from countries such as Morocco and Bangladesh whose nationals are declined protection in at least 80% of cases - will be processed faster.
Their applications would be processed in centres close to the EU's "external borders" - meaning land frontiers, ports and airports - in a process taking up to 12 weeks.
For other asylum seekers, the standard procedure will continue to apply.
Solidarity mechanism
Under EU rules, the country in which an irregular migrant first sets foot is responsible for handling their case.
That places stress on Italy, Greece and Malta, which have received the bulk of land and sea arrivals in recent years.
To ease that burden, the reform introduces a solidarity mechanism compelling member states to take in a certain number of asylum-seekers arriving in other countries.
Alternatively, they can pay €20,000 euros per asylum-seeker to the countries under pressure.
At least 30,000 asylum-seekers a year will come under this relocation system.
Related negotiations have already proven difficult, with a first round held last year seeing several countries refusing to accept any relocations.
Contingency plan
The package establishes an emergency response in the event of unexpected migration surges, the same sort of crisis the EU faced in 2015-2016 when more than two million asylum-seekers entered the bloc, many from war-torn Syria and Afghanistan.
It will allow member states to reduce protections for asylum-seekers, making it possible to hold them longer than usually permitted in detention centres on the EU's external borders.
The system will also apply to the so-called "instrumentalisation" of migratory flows, an accusation often levelled at Belarus and Russia, which EU neighbours say push migrants across the border in a bid to destabilise the 27-nation bloc.
Criticisms of the new mechanisms
Rights groups are concerned with many aspects of the new system.
They say the new rules will de facto result in most migrants, including children, being detained for the duration of the process.
They’re also concerned that the new procedures and rushed decision-making process on individual cases will, in most cases, result in a further period of detention for arriving migrants.
A dozen member states are yet to finalise preparations, including setting up the necessary infrastructure, to accommodate the new screening procedures.
Others have experienced troubles with the biometric database.
Public opinion has further hardened on migration since the changes were adopted, pushing EU states to demand further action.
A new package of measures aimed at boosting deportations of failed asylum-seekers is currently rushing through the EU's legislative process.
This has added to rights groups' worries that humanitarian concerns were taking the back seat to politics in Europe.
