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The Conversation
The Conversation
Andrew King, ARC Future Fellow and Associate Professor in Climate Science, ARC Centre of Excellence for 21st Century Weather, The University of Melbourne

What do we know about climate change? How do we know it? And where are we headed?

Climate Change Earth COP30 Global Warming Brazil United Nations Climate Change Conference
Hugo Abad / Getty Images

The 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference (sometimes referred to as COP30) is taking place in Brazil.

Amid all the talk with politicians, policy experts and scientists, it’s worth reminding ourselves of the state of Earth’s climate – a kind of long-term average of weather conditions – what’s driving the changes we’re seeing, and where we’re heading next.

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