In just a few words — "Those who control the present, control the past and those who control the past control the future" — George Orwell summed up why narratives about history can be crucial. And so, ever since the final helicopter liftoff from the U.S. Embassy's roof in Saigon on April 30, 1975, the retrospective meaning of the Vietnam War has been a matter of intense dispute.
The dominant spin has been dismal and bipartisan. "We went to Vietnam without any desire to capture territory or to impose American will on other people," Jimmy Carter declared soon after entering the White House in early 1977. "We went there to defend the freedom of the South Vietnamese." During the next decade, presidents ordered direct American military interventions on a much smaller scale, while the rationales were equally mendacious. Ronald Reagan ordered the 1983 invasion of Grenada, and George H.W. Bush ordered the 1989 invasion of Panama.
