As Israelis are called up to join the war effort in Gaza, anger is mounting at the ultra-Orthodox community which has long been spared the compulsory military service required of most citizens.
Since the October 7 attack by Palestinian militants, the question surrounding whether the insular community, whose members see army service as conflicting with their religious duties, should be obligated to serve has sparked debate and led to protests against their decades-long exemptions.
"That's how it is when you're a normal Israeli. The whole society has to do its part," said Oren Shvill, one of hundreds of Israelis at a recent demonstration in Jerusalem.
The 52-year-old engineer, who lives in a settlement in the occupied West Bank, is among around 340,000 reservists called up in nearly five months of war.
Public frustration has heaped pressure on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu -- long considered a protector of the community -- whose coalition includes the two major ultra-Orthodox parties, Shas and United Torah Judaism.
Last year, his government granted Jewish schools, called yeshivas, an unprecedented budget of more than $1 billion.
Nearby, young Israelis shout "Lazy bunch" and "Parasites" at a group of ultra-Orthodox men clad in traditional black jackets, long beards and round fur hats.
In response, the men tauntingly launch into prayer and dance, singing that "it's better to die than go to the army!"
Since Israel's founding in 1948, Jewish men who studied the Torah full-time in a seminary have been granted an annual deferment from military service until the age of 26, at which point they become exempt.
This was meant to allow a group of 400 young people to study sacred texts and preserve Jewish traditions, much of which had been lost during the Holocaust.
But today, Israel's ultra-Orthodox number 1.3 million people -- bolstered by a fertility rate of over six children per woman, compared with the national average of 2.5.
Last year alone, 66,000 members of the community were excused from military service.
The army has pleaded for more troops following Hamas's surprise attack on southern Israel on October 7 which resulted in the deaths of about 1,160 people in Israel, mostly civilians, according to Israeli official figures.
Israel's retaliatory campaign has killed at least 30,320 people, mostly women and children, according to Gaza's health ministry, which does not specify how many militants have been killed.
The army, which says it has lost 242 soldiers in Gaza since launching a ground invasion on October 27, also intends to increase the duration of conscription from 32 to 36 months for men.
On Wednesday, Defence Minister Yoav Gallant dropped a political bombshell by calling for an end to the long-time exemptions.
"We must all bear the burden," he said.
The following day, Netanyahu said he intended to "find an agreement for (the ultra-Orthodox) to join the army or the civilian service, even if not everyone will be satisfied".
But he cautioned that doing so during the war would "block everything", collapsing his coalition and triggering elections.
The close-knit community, whose members mostly interact and marry among themselves, says its religious and traditional values would be compromised when engaging with the broader society within the army.
Additionally, many ultra-Orthodox are apprehensive about military service due to the potential requirement to mix with members of the opposite sex, which 23-year-old yeshiva student Shmuel says is "forbidden by the Torah".
Yehuda Chen, another ultra-Orthodox Jew from Jerusalem, said they will "fight against this at all costs."
"Taking a boy out of yeshiva is impossible, it's like taking a fish out of water. In a minute, it dies," he said.
But according to Tomer Persico, a religions researcher at the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem, the community has already become increasingly engaged in Israeli society.
Between 20 and 30 percent of ultra-Orthodox have entered wider society over the past 30 years through working at companies, or through the civil service or social activities.
Among them, just over 1,000 enlist in the army each year, despite the risk of being ostracised by their community.
More joined after October 7, but there was no massive shift in enlistment.
But according to a former high-ranking officer, the army is also not rushing to enlist them.
"They are not good fighters, and we don't have time, in the midst of war, to take months to train people without education other than a religious one," he told AFP, speaking on condition of anonymity.
Betzalel Cohen, a moderate ultra-Orthodox rabbi from Jerusalem, said there may be room for compromise.
The state and the community should agree on "reasonable and progressive goals" to integrate the young people into the army, he said.
