Washington (AFP) - The conservative-majority US Supreme Court appeared poised on Monday to ban the use of race or ethnicity as a factor in deciding who gets into America's elite universities.
The top US court heard nearly five hours of arguments on the use of race or ethnicity in admissions to Harvard and the University of North Carolina (UNC) -- respectively the oldest private and public institutions of higher education in the country.
Harvard and UNC, like a number of other competitive US schools, consider an applicant's race or ethnicity as a factor to ensure a diverse student body and representation of minorities, a policy known as "affirmative action."
It emerged from the Civil Rights Movement in the late 1960s to help address the legacy of discrimination in higher education against African Americans.
The suits against Harvard and UNC were brought by a group known as Students for Fair Admissions, which claims that race-conscious admissions policies discriminate against equally qualified applicants of Asian American origin.
"The racial preference is operating to the disadvantage of Asian American applicants," Patrick Strawbridge, attorney for Students for Fair Admissions, told the court.
"When you use race, you're telling applicants that their race matters," Strawbridge said, calling it "inherently divisive" and unconstitutional.
"It gets us further away from a world where the government treats race as irrelevant," he said.
Strawbridge's arguments appeared to get a sympathetic hearing from the conservative justices on the court, setting the stage for another potential historic reversal like in June, when the high court overturned its landmark 1973 "Roe v. Wade" decision guaranteeing a woman's right to abortion.
Conservatives have a 6-3 majority on the court, which includes three justices nominated by former president Donald Trump, a Republican.
'Don't have a clue what it means'
Justice Clarence Thomas, a longtime opponent of affirmative action, said he could not think of another case "where the court deferred to the alleged discriminator."
"I've heard the word diversity quite a few times and I don't have a clue what it means," he added."It seems to mean everything for everyone."
Conservative justices John Roberts, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett repeatedly pressed the attorneys for Harvard and UNC about when there would be an "end point" to affirmative action and whether there were any "race-neutral" alternatives.
"Your position is that race matters because it's necessary for diversity," Roberts said."It's not going to stop mattering at some particular point."
Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, the first Black woman on the court, and the other two liberals pushed back against the arguments put forward by Students for Fair Admissions.
"You haven't demonstrated or shown one situation in which all they look at is race," Jackson said."They are looking at the full person."
Justice Elena Kagan said the court has previously "rightly recognized that student body diversity is a compelling interest that can justify limited consideration of race in university admissions.
"That holding recognizes a simple but profound truth -- when students of all races and backgrounds come to college and live together and learn together they become better colleagues, better citizens and better leaders.
"In your view, it really wouldn't matter if there was a precipitous decline in minority admissions," Kagan said to Strawbridge."Your brief says it just doesn't matter if our institutions look like America.
"Doesn't it?" she asked.
'Cause racial diversity to plummet'
The administration of Democratic President Joe Biden and dozens of major American companies have weighed in on the side of the universities.
"A blanket ban on race-conscious admissions would cause racial diversity to plummet at many of our nation's leading educational institutions," US Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar told the court.
Previous courts have upheld affirmative action -- in 2016 by a single vote -- but the policy has been controversial from the start, and a number of white students have mounted legal challenges over the years, claiming "reverse discrimination."
Nine states have banned affirmative action at public universities including California, where voters did so in a ballot proposition in 1996.
In a 1978 decision, the Supreme Court banned the use of quotas in university admissions as unconstitutional.
But it said race or ethnicity can be considered as one factor among others, in admitting students to ensure a diverse student body and combat historic discrimination.
Jackson sat out the Harvard case because she has served previously on the Board of Overseers at the school, her alma mater.
The court is expected to deliver its decision by June.
