UK's Labour government has vowed to tax private schools in order to boost public education and create thousands of teaching posts, but the policy is causing concern for families already hard-pressed to meet the fees.
Prime Minister Keir Starmer, who took office after the general elections of July 4, has repeatedly said that he has "nothing against private schools", which educate around 600,000 children, or 6.5 percent of the country's pupils.
But "every parent has aspiration for their children whether they go to private school or not", added Starmer, whose two children went to a state school in their north London neighbourhood.
"For those children in state secondary school who don't have the teachers they need, that is a lifelong problem," he said.
After years of tight public spending and worsening inequalities, the government confirmed in July that it would remove the value added tax exemption for tuition fees paid to private schools.
It hopes the move will raise GBP1.6 billion ($2.1 billion), which will be used to fund 6,500 new teachers in the public sector.
Private schools will have to pay 20 percent VAT on fees received from January 1, heralding hefty increases in bills for parents.
Tuition fees in private schools already average GBP18,000 a year, according to the Independent Schools Council (ISC), which represents private schools.
The move has stirred strong emotions in the UK, which boasts a raft of world-renowned, super-exclusive schools that have educated many members of the ruling class.
But panicked testimony from parents of more humble means have filled newspapers in recent months.
Some say they will have to postpone their retirement, change jobs, forgo holidays or call on their own parents for help to cover the bills.
Others are considering moving to be closer to a good state school.
Amaka Nwabueze is thinking of working a second job.
"My life is already busy, so I might have to take a second job for weekends, which means I would barely see my children," the 45-year-old financial analyst, who looks after her three children on her own, told AFP.
Her two eldest children already switched to selective state schools, which hold entrance exams, when they moved on to secondary school but the youngest failed.
He was offered another school, which his mother called "the worst" in her London neighbourhood.
"I cannot take my child from a private primary school to a failing secondary school," she added, saying she was expecting a GBP4,000 hike in annual fees.
"It's giving me high blood pressure," she said.
"There is real anxiety," added Tony Oulton, headmaster of Hulme School in Oldham, northwest England, which has 730 pupils aged between two and 18.
He criticised the policy, which he believes is wrongly based on "assumptions that they (private school parents) are all wealthy and can afford the cost of VAT".
Parents at his school are "mostly working class, lower middle class, aspirational, hardworking", with "many of them working two jobs in order to pay the fees", he explained.
Opponents of the reform claim that state school enrolment will explode if the private sector is lost, increasing the cost to the government.
But studies contradict this.
The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) calculated that the number of children in state schools will actually fall by 2030 due to a projected population decline.
Several research centres also point out that the disparity between private and state schools widened sharply under the 14-year Conservative rule.
"Fees have increased significantly in private schools, while spending in the state has been cut until last year," explains Harry Quilter-Pinner, interim director at the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) charity.
"State schools over the last 10-15 years have had to be innovative about how they spend their money. And I think the Labour government is asking private schools to do the same thing," he added.
