Before a T. rex can tower over museum visitors or a Triceratops can show off its huge horns, dinosaur fossils must first be painstakingly reconstructed — cleaned, fit together and even painted.
For U.S. restorationist Lauren McClain, the process is like putting together a giant 3D puzzle.
Ms. McClain's job begins at her home workshop near Houston, Texas, where she carefully clears away dirt stuck to the more than 60-million-year-old remains using a tiny drill with an air compressor, similar to a dentist's tool.
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Then, she must assemble this ancient puzzle — even though pieces are almost always missing.
She moulds fillings for the lost parts, plugging the holes and repairing the nicks that have appeared in Edmontosaurus femurs or Megalodon teeth over millions of years. She has even worked on a fossil from a 200-million-year-old Eurypterida, or sea scorpion.
Ms. McClain doesn't actually like puzzles very much, she says.
But when it "turns into a dinosaur... I can get down with those kinds of puzzles," the 33-year-old says.
"When you've got something that's in a hundred pieces, you really have to study all of those edges and how they align, and really, really hone in on those details to rebuild it into what it was," Ms. McClain explains.
Many of the giants Ms. McClain reconstructs once roamed the land which is now the United States, ranging from Florida in the southeast all the way to Montana and the Dakotas in the north and California in the west.
Prehistoric femur
Ms. McClain has been a dinosaur buff since she was a child fan of "Jurassic Park." She even held her wedding at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, home to several dino skeleton recreations.
While working as a graphic designer, Ms. McClain began joining fossil excavations a few years ago, and with the help of a few professional palaeontologist mentors, set up her own restoration venture, called Big Sky Fossils.
She quit her desk job to focus on her company full time seven months ago.
Recently, Ms. McClain has been working on the cranial dome of a Pachycephalosaurus belonging to a Texas museum, and, while looking for more space to expand her workshop, has been working in her garage to restore a Hadrosaurid femur almost as big as hers.
First, she inserts a metal rod into the giant thigh bone, for stability. Next, she gives it a good clean and uses a powerful glue to bind all the pieces together. Then, an epoxy putty fills in all the gaps where pieces of the fossil have fallen away. Finally, Ms. McClain paints all the new parts the same color as the original.
"Restoring missing pieces from fossils, it's oftentimes the hardest part," Ms. McClain says.
"Because not only do you need to have an understanding of the anatomy of that specific dinosaur, but you need a good reference."
"I talk to a lot of palaeontologists in order to get it right," she adds.
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Patience and observation
Movies make audiences believe that dinosaur fossils are dug up from the ground intact, says David Temple, a palaeontology curator at the Houston Museum of Natural Science.
"But in reality, it's not like that at all," he explains.
"Every fossil ever found needs some degree of curation, some degree of restoration, some degree of consolidation, because even the act of getting it out of the ground — it's destructive," says Mr. Temple, speaking in the museum's Cretaceous period section.
Once restored, the original fossils are also used to make life-like replicas, so that several versions of the same model can be displayed in multiple places at once.
"A lot of palaeontologists will prep their own fossils, but they don't all do that," Mr. Temple says. "A lot of times they recognise that the people that do this, it's a very specialised skill."
Sometimes, when pieces of bone that don't quite fit are glued together, the palaeontologists and restorationists joke that they have invented "a new species," he says.
"Patience is very important. Observation is very important," he adds.
Most of all, restoration work requires care, Mr. Temple says.
