China’s “Two Sessions” congress that began this week is the country’s most important political event of the year. To understand what’s at stake, it helps to have some fluency in Chinese Communist Party (CCP) parlance. Terms such as “new productive forces” and “new three” appear vague, but they speak volumes about the party’s agenda during the 10-day congress.
China’s annual political extravaganza has attained cruising speed. The “Two Sessions” congress of two of the country’s most important political bodies has already touched on economic recovery, the modernisation of the army, foreign relations and the question of Taiwan.
During the event, nearly 3,000 members of the National People’s Congress (NPC) – China’s parliament – meet to set the legislative agenda for the coming year. The 2023 session set the roadmap for more than 2,000 measures that were adopted, according to the official Xinhua news agency.
Alongside the NPC meeting, the congress also hosts the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, a body meant to give its opinion on the political priorities for the year. Some 2,000 members of the CCP and civil society debate under the watchful eye of Beijing.
The Two Sessions are framed by Chinese media as the best way for a foreign observer to understand how "Chinese democracy" works. They can thus offer a good reading of the political climate in China – provided one understands the CCP parlance in use. One of the best ways to build literacy is to spot the buzzwords that pop up again and again, as reported by Bloomberg News.
Most of them may seem obscure at first glance. What does Chinese President Xi Jinping mean by the “new productive forces”? What are the “new three” developments that participants in the Two Sessions often refer to? Knowing how to interpret these terms "enables us to understand the main developments in the economic and social policy of Xi Jinping and the government, beyond the official announcements", says Marc Lanteigne, a Sinologist at the Arctic University of Norway.
These buzzwords are also a way to implicitly acknowledge mistakes. Chinese leaders “are never going to clearly say ‘no way’, but the coded language often heralds changes in direction, and thus a tacit acknowledgment that something wasn’t working anymore”, says Lanteigne.
To help make sense of it all, FRANCE 24 has examined three terms in use during these Two Sessions that can help clarify the CCP's true perspective on China's economic and social situation, a viewpoint that is not necessarily obvious in official media and public statements.
The 'new productive forces'
Xi has been using this expression since at least September, but China’s president never specifies which forces he is invoking to rescue the country’s economy.
He referred to them again during the Two Sessions to affirm that they would enable China to reach a 5 percent growth target without any problems.
The "new productive forces" are "a modern version of expressions used by all Chinese leaders since Mao Zedong to designate the economic sectors that are going to be favoured", explains Lanteigne.
The Sinologist is betting that Xi is referring to services – especially financial – and information technologies with the 2024 version of "productive forces".
By invoking “new” forces, Xi also aims to sideline the "old" engines of Chinese growth. In other words, the president is indicating that it is time to stop "betting everything on investment in infrastructure and real estate", says Lanteigne, who expects to see less construction of highways and railroads. Real estate developers, shaken by the fall of debt-laden Evergrande, have received confirmation that saving them is no longer a government priority, he adds.
'AI plus'
Chinese Premier Li Qiang put the country’s "AI plus" initiative on the map. He made it the cornerstone of the "work report" published by the NPC on Tuesday.
Here again, "the contours of this concept are very vague", says Lanteigne. The main idea is to support artificial intelligence in all sectors of the economy. But how, when, and where to begin? "We'll have to wait for the details, but the ambition is clear: to make AI a driving force in the economy and boost artificial intelligence research", he says.
China is far from the only country betting on AI: since the advent of ChatGPT, artificial intelligence has become the hot topic for everyone. But it’s the "plus" that is meant to distinguish China’s engagement.
"By adding a 'plus', the authorities want to give the impression that China is already at the next stage," says Lanteigne.
The term suggests that Beijing has already mastered AI and is now looking for the best ways to use it. It also aims to counter the image of a country that is falling behind. Blame it on ChatGPT and its clones: all these tools come from the West, and a narrative has started to develop suggesting China is having trouble catching up.
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The 'new three'
The expression has gained popularity in the media and economic circles for over a year, as noted in a Citigroup bank report published in January 2024. During the recent debates in the NPC, Li expressed delight that "the new three have grown by 30 percent in one year".
The term refers to solar panels, electric cars and batteries. “It's not surprising that this term is being put forward at a time when China's champion electric car maker – BYD – is displaying increasingly global ambitions,” says Lanteigne.
By using the term, the government is showing its support for a manufacturer whose commercial appetite is beginning to concern Western countries. In late February, US President Joe Biden described Chinese electric cars as a risk to American "national security".
"It's also a concept that complements the idea of 'new productive forces'," says Lanteigne. Once again, it's a question of turning over a new leaf: these "new three" are opposed to the "old" sectors – textiles and cheap electronics – that were China's international glory.
China aims to show countries that it intends to remain the "world's factory", but now for technological products with high added value.
These “new three” pillars have something in common: "They are meant to illustrate China's ambition to move towards an eco-responsible economy," says Lanteigne.
Solar panels represent renewable energy, while electric cars and the batteries that power them symbolise the decarbonisation of road traffic. The "new three" thus also serves as a new slogan for "green" China.
This article is a translation of the original in French.
