The deepest caves on Earth are still being studied by scientists. They are unique environments created over millions of years of geological processes. They usually occur in areas rich in limestone rocks where water slowly erodes rocks to create vertical pits and horizontal tunnels. It takes a lot of time, but the result is a network of passages that is not fully mapped yet. Most of these caves are not completely explored because of their depths and tight spaces.
The list of the deepest caves changes as new surveys refine measurements. Some systems extend beyond two kilometres vertically, placing them among the most extreme geological formations known. The following overview presents currently recorded depths and key geological features based on available exploration data.
