Nigeria has the highest number of child pneumonia deaths worldwide, with as many as 443 succumbing to the infection per day. That’s equivalent to 18 deaths every hour.
The situation is being exacerbated by continuing overpopulation, especially in Lagos state where health centres are seeing a huge number of child pneumonia cases.
At the Ita Elewa centre in downtown Ikorudu in Lagos state, chief nursing officer Olatunji regularly sees up to 200 patients a day and up to 10,000 a month.
From dawn to dusk, mothers arrive with their children on foot at the centre which is on a main road bustling with cars and motorbikes. The air is thick with pollution and the sounds of blaring horns.
Award-winning photographer Yagazie Emezi has captured the ever-worsening healthcare situation facing Nigerians – and what they are doing to tackle it.
Oxygen
Shortages of oxygen supplies were regular in Nigeria even before the Covid-19 pandemic, but today and particularly after a spike of infections in 2021 the healthcare system has struggled to keep up with demand.
Health care providers like Olatunji found themselves with zero oxygen supplies to distribute. Some families are then unwilling to make the additional journey to a hospital after being referred due to the costs of travel and drugs.
Rachel, the clinical officer at Ita Elewa, recalls: “There was a baby we referred, but the mother told me that she could not go through the stress of general hospital. She took her baby home, and unfortunately, she lost the baby.”
Charitable donations from Save the Children and British multinational pharmaceutical company GSK have attempted to help alleviate the situation by providing a supply of oxygen canisters and extra training to help health officers like Rachel identify cases of pneumonia early and administer life-saving treatment.
One critical case of pneumonia was spotted by Rachel early in nine-month-old Malik after his mother noticed he was having difficulty breathing.
By using an oximeter to check Malik’s oxygen saturation levels Rachel was able to see that he was measuring at 88 per cent. A normal count would be between 95-100 per cent. He was immediately administered oxygen and a follow-up appointment was made for the next day.
Malik’s father was reluctant to bring him back to the hospital, and Rachel says: “He told me that ‘there is no money’ – he’s been going through some financial problems, and doesn’t even have the money to bring the baby to the facility.”
She adds: “I took it upon myself that, whatever the financial costs, I will take them upon me. Let’s just take the baby to the facility. These are the challenges I’m facing on a daily basis.”
Indoor air pollution
Nigeria is recorded as having the highest number of air pollution-related child pneumonia deaths in the world, with almost 185 children under the age of five dying each day. Many of the deaths are related to household pollution from open fires or cookstoves in the home.
Many regions of Nigeria are so remote that they have very poor access to healthcare and information. Some areas can also be completely cut off by flooding during the rainy season. People living in regions like Jigawa state are most at risk of having little knowledge of pneumonia prevention or how to treat it.
Some 200 communities in Jigawa are now benefitting from small groups of well-informed community health workers and citizens to help combat the pneumonia epidemic. These groups are supported and organised by Save the Children and GSK’s Inspiring programme.
One of these group’s members is Mallam, whose own son Bashir was diagnosed with pneumonia. He said: “We’ve learnt not to take children into the kitchen because the smoke in there can make them sick. Where we cook, let it not be dark or block where the smoke escapes. Because when a child inhales the smoke, it causes diseases.”
Hunger
In Jigawa, over 60 per cent of children under five suffer from acute malnutrition. According to Save the Children, this means those children are four times more likely to die from pneumonia.
Food scarcity in the desert region is already a fact of life but it’s further exacerbated by intense conflict over a region where 90 per cent of livelihoods rely on agriculture.
Sahura, 30, lives in a remote village in Jigawa state with eight children and struggles to feed her family. She says: “There is a lack of money. There are numerous children but little resources. The outcome is that there is suffering and hardship.”
She adds: “I feel bad because I don’t have enough to give them. The only food I give them is that which I plant like guinea corn and rice.”
The Jigawa state region also has incredibly low vaccination rates. In 2016 more than 190,000 children aged 12-23 months were not immunised with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), which protects children against pneumonia.
Mobile vaccination teams have been attempting to provide the life-saving treatment to children in the region travelling by motorbikes to the most inaccessible regions.
Suleh, who leads one of these Save the Children and GSK-supported teams, says: “We reach communities by motorbike but during the rainy season it will often take us over an hour because sometimes we have to wait to get access using a canoe. Every child needs to receive three doses of the PCV in an interval of four weeks.”
Battling against rampant pneumonia in Nigeria is clearly an uphill battle, but organisations such as GSK and Save the Children have been working to improve skills and knowledge in the region. They have also been instrumental in providing the tools healthcare providers need to protect the most vulnerable children.
The organisations have also been working to persuade the Nigerian government to fund similar work across the country.
