The idea that brains can control computers may seem like science fiction, but it’s becoming closer to our reality. Brain-machine interfaces, also commonly known as brain-computer interfaces, decode electrical information from your brain and connect it to an external device.
It has a wide variety of potential uses but has been particularly valuable in restoring human mobility and aiding people with disabilities. These include allowing people to control prosthetic limbs with their minds.
In July, brain-computer start-up Synchron placed the first implant in the US. The 3.8 centimetre device was placed into the blood vessel of an ALS patient who had lost their ability to move and speak.
“This is an incredibly exciting milestone for the field, because of its implications and huge potential,” said Shahram Majidi, the lead clinical investigator who performed the procedure.
“The implantation procedure went extremely well, and the patient was able to go home 48 hours after the surgery.”
It’s hoped the patient will be able to use the internet to shop online, communicate via email or text using his mind. The company has already begun trials in Australia.
Most brain-machine systems are still experimental. Our brains are one of the most complicated organs. While a brain can be compared to a very advanced computer, we’re still unable to successfully recreate one in its entirety.
And there are also issues of ethics, legal and security concerns.
Cyberattacks and hackers could intercept brain signals and use information maliciously. The high costs of the product are likely to result in unequal distribution.
The technology could be used for military purposes. For example, the US Department of Defense has invested in hands-free control of drones. Although still a long way to go, in the wrong hands, it could pose significant national security concerns.
REALITY CHECK
US-based Irish scientist Philip Kennedy implanted the first brain-machine interface on the human brain in 1998.
The purpose of brain-machine interfaces have largely been medically related.
They are often categorised as either invasive (requiring surgery), or non-invasive (commonly from data gathered through an EEG).
Non-invasive brain-machine interfaces often require a wearable cap using conductors to measure the brain's electrical activity.
Last year, a wireless headset to help stroke patients regain arm and hand movements became the first wearable brain-machine interface device allowed by the government to be sold commercially in the US.
BIG IDEAS
This quote is attributable to Jared Genser, Georgetown University Law Center:
"Other technology uses algorithms to extrapolate and collect data on users’ personal preferences and location, but brain-machine interfaces offer something completely different: they can directly connect the brain to machine intelligence."
"Brain-machine interfaces pose challenges not only for the privacy of our minds, but also for our sense of self and for free will."
"The rise of consumer neurotechnology emphasises the need for laws and regulations that reflect the technology’s advancement."
This quote is attributable to Miguel Nicolelis, Duke University:
"Information in the brain is not digital. It's embedded in the tissue. And so there's no vacuum cleaner that's going to get that from analogue organic tissue and put it into bites and bits in your brain. Your brain is not a hard disk. It's not a computer."
This quote is attributable to Raphael Yuste, Colombia University:
"We'll finally figure out who we are. Why do we do what we do? Why are we happy? Why are we sad? What happens when we fall in love. What happens to a criminal when he commits a crime? So it has enormous repercussions through, because, again, our our species happens to be a species that is a mental species. Everything has to do with our our mind."
PERSPECTIVES
The ethics of mind-reading Jared Genser, Georgetown University Law Center Tapping into someone’s thoughts may soon be technologically possible. Our institutions are ill-equipped to deal with the human rights violations that may result.
Communicating with seemingly unconscious patients Steven Laureys, Liège University Belgium Brain-machine interfaces can decipher thoughts and help give some coma survivors a voice. But first we must ensure they’re responsive.
Restoring the ability to swallow using brain-machine interfaces Masayuki Hirata, Osaka University To address swallowing disorders, most medical researchers look to improving organ function, but these researchers are looking at our brains.
Seeing emotions just the start for brain-reading technology Nathan Semertzidis, Monash University Technology that can interpret mood and visualise it using augmented reality is just the first step in a promising new field of brain science.
Originally published under Creative Commons by 360info™.
