LOS ANGELES — A dockworker shortage at the Los Angeles and Long Beach ports stretched into its second day Friday, halting cargo traffic at the massive shipping complex while disrupting the local economy and the global supply chain.
The apparently temporary shutdown at the twin ports — a critical entry point for imports arriving from Asia — has exacerbated fears about a logistical infrastructure that has never fully recalibrated since the COVID-19 pandemic delays and shone a stark, national spotlight on the high-stakes labor negotiations playing out at the ports.
The union that represents West Coast dockworkers and the industry group representing maritime shippers are several months into negotiating a new contract, which is focused, in part, on wages and the role of automation. The old contract, covering more than 22,000 workers at 29 ports, expired July 1.
The Pacific Maritime Association, the industry group representing shippers at the negotiating table, said in a statement Friday that the International Longshore and Warehouse Union had taken a “concerted action to withhold labor.”
“A majority of the jobs for last night’s shift went unfilled, including all jobs for cargo-handling equipment operators needed to load and unload cargo,” the statement read. “The workers who did show up were released because there was not a full complement of ILWU members to operate the terminals.”
ILWU Local 13 said in a statement Friday afternoon that its members “are still hard at work and remain committed to moving the nation’s cargo.” The worker shortfall occurred because several thousand members had attended a monthly meeting Thursday evening and were then observing the Good Friday holiday, as allowed under the contract.
Although both sides have remained largely quiet about the status of the contract negotiations — appearing to adhere to an agreement laid out in a joint statement in February not to discuss the collective bargaining process in the media — the latest development underscored their significance.
“This is quite clearly a wake-up call to the ports’ operators,” said Harley Shaiken, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley who specializes in labor issues. “This process hasn’t just been slow, it’s been inching along with very high stakes in the balance.”
Because their members can shut down ports all along the West Coast, Shaiken said, the longshore union has unequaled power, especially for the size of the labor force.
“This has already caught the nation’s attention,” he said, “and should add a sense of urgency to the negotiations.”
The L.A. and Long Beach ports combine to handle nearly 40% of U.S. imports from Asia, which arrive in giant metal containers aboard vessels that stretch to nearly the length of the Empire State Building. But goods movement has fallen sharply in recent months, allowing the combined ports of New York and New Jersey to intermittently grab No. 1 bragging rights away from Los Angeles.
The local downward trend is worrisome not just to officials at the twin ports but also for 175,000 Southern California workers — employed at the harbors themselves as well as in related businesses — moving freight valued at $469 billion a year, port data show. At stake are jobs all along the supply chain, including truckers, warehouse workers and people employed by logistics specialists.
“It’s important that things return to normal as quickly as possible,” said Jock O’Connell, an international trade economist, who noted that local ports have lost considerable business to their rivals on the East and Gulf coasts. U.S. retailers and manufacturers redirected cargo following a huge backlog in San Pedro Bay that began in 2020, taking advantage of significant investments by competing ports looking to grab shipping business away from Southern California.
“It’s likely that some of that business will never come back,” said O’Connell, who works for Beacon Economics. The current stoppage, he added, will create a ripple effect, affecting a myriad of jobs and industries tangentially tied to the movement of cargo through the region.
The “economic impact of this shutdown will be felt,” he said.
There is a precedent of contentious, drawn-out labor disputes translating not only into temporarily rerouted business, but also into more permanent changes, according to James Sterns, an associate professor in the Department of Applied Economics at Oregon State University.
In 2016, for example, rancorous labor disputes at the Port of Portland eventually resulted in both of the port’s container terminal operators leaving the port for good.
In a statement Friday, Port of Los Angeles officials said they were talking with both the union and the Pacific Maritime Association, as well as local, state and federal officials, about returning to normal operations.
“Resuming cargo operations at America’s busiest port complex is critical,” the statement read, “to maintaining confidence to our customers and supply chain stakeholders.”
The National Retail Federation also released a statement Friday saying the retailer trade group had expressed concerns about the closure to the White House and urged administration officials to step in to prevent further disruptions.
Last month, the federation — along with dozens of other associations — sent a letter to President Joe Biden, asking his administration to offer mediation services to both negotiating parties and to do everything in his power to ensure that an agreement was reached as soon as possible.
The economic importance of the Los Angeles and Long Beach ports is large enough that U.S. presidents have previously interceded to get cargo moving again.
In 2002, President George W. Bush stepped into an 11-day shutdown of 29 West Coast ports to halt an employers’ lockout of West Coast longshoremen. In 2021, ahead of the holiday crush of cargo traffic, Biden helped broker a plan to expand working hours at the local ports, hoping to alleviate bottlenecks that grew increasingly severe amid pandemic logjams.
The president, O’Connell said, is likely monitoring the current stoppage as well.
“A Democratic president does not like problems like this,” he said. “It’s a labor issue and President Biden is going to try to ensure that this does not get out of hand.”
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